外文翻譯---在凍土環(huán)境下工作對(duì)鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鏟斗的侵害

1、<p>　　附錄1 在凍土環(huán)境下工作對(duì)鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鏟斗的侵害</p><p>　　伊萬(wàn)諾夫 UDC 621. 876. 6:624.13 9</p><p>　　為了確定積極鏟運(yùn)機(jī)在凍土上工作時(shí)的有效性，我們對(duì)自然凍土周圍進(jìn)行了實(shí)地調(diào)查，為此，我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)和制造了實(shí)驗(yàn)鏟; 在沖擊能量為100千克每米的兩個(gè)氣動(dòng)錘的底部，鏟斗被安裝在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的由液壓控制的刮板上。測(cè)試程序規(guī)定

2、的記錄誘導(dǎo)應(yīng)力和壓縮空氣消耗，實(shí)驗(yàn)在砂礫粘土和壤土中進(jìn)行，實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)土壤的溫度在2-12度之間。</p><p>　　為了突出鏟斗的運(yùn)動(dòng)特色，我們采取了適當(dāng)?shù)闹笖?shù)，即具體的能源消費(fèi)總量，這是總結(jié)的當(dāng)鏟斗內(nèi)裝滿土?xí)r的能源消耗。</p><p>　　能源消費(fèi)的影響，打破了地面組成的具體的轉(zhuǎn)變工作狀態(tài)的能源消耗和壓縮空氣上的能源消耗，這是把能耗從N轉(zhuǎn)至其強(qiáng)度i。地面的斷裂強(qiáng)度是由某一部門確定的公式?jīng)Q

3、定的。</p><p>　　分別來(lái)看F1和FK，在轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)的開(kāi)始的橫截面領(lǐng)域和F-I曲線的尾部，是在該部分的工作機(jī)構(gòu)的速度。</p><p>　　具體的能源消耗的是由以下的公式確定的</p><p>　　在pH值為橫向部分的破巖部位和斗齒的工作部位，力是決定轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)斷裂面積的主要因素。具體的壓縮空氣的能源消費(fèi)量在Patm是指超過(guò)壓縮空氣壓力仲因子。Q是指壓縮空氣消耗圖（

4、3）是壓縮空氣消耗的表示條款。 </p><p>　　這里T是空氣的絕對(duì)溫度凱文規(guī)模。</p><p>　　P0是溫度在T = 15 C的氣壓，?弗朗索瓦的絕對(duì)溫度，并且Patm.a是絕對(duì)的空氣壓力圖1是一個(gè)有計(jì)劃的厚度層被打破的具體能源消費(fèi)的各種約束條件，它可以看到打破凍土?xí)r最低的能源消費(fèi)，是可取的工作層厚度大于15厘米，由于能源消耗遠(yuǎn)大于更薄層表1給出了具體的打破凍土的能源

5、消費(fèi)，獲得作者的最小層厚度15-20厘米，而且還給出了實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)拉恰。打破凍結(jié)壤土上- 5 - 7 ?負(fù)荷的影響，能源的影響正在每個(gè)100千克米履行相同的條件下[ 1 ] ?？梢钥闯鼍唧w的能源消費(fèi)量為打破較少積極鏟運(yùn)機(jī)斗比分裂的一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的楔子（他們不太系數(shù)為4的影響能量為a = 100千克米。以及一個(gè)因素1.5-2.0為A = 1000千克米） 。這表明，積極的利用鏟運(yùn)機(jī)斗是一種有效的方式，打破凍結(jié)地面具體的能源消費(fèi)對(duì)填補(bǔ)桶凍結(jié)與巖石破碎

6、確定后測(cè)定采礦的格局變化，部隊(duì)沿著填補(bǔ)了鏟斗與巖石。這種陰謀顯示依賴于圖0.2 。可以看出桶灌裝部隊(duì)隨層厚度的拋物線規(guī)律。此外，這些曲線給出桶灌裝系數(shù)，濾波，得到了這些實(shí)驗(yàn)方程，以確定具體的能源消費(fèi)填補(bǔ)桶，射血分?jǐn)?shù)，并在移動(dòng)刮板像汽車，絳蟲(chóng)，可寫(xiě)在一般形式在吉隆坡的系數(shù)松動(dòng)的巖石，和Q是</p><p>　　當(dāng)h =10厘米時(shí)，只對(duì)凍結(jié)斷巖石進(jìn)行了微不足道的填補(bǔ)鏟斗觀察。這將是從該曲線的具體能源節(jié)能消費(fèi)減少填補(bǔ)幾

7、乎所有的厚度層被打破;然而，人們不能從這個(gè)推斷，這是比較有利的工作填補(bǔ)一斗更薄的層，因?yàn)闇p少了H不僅同時(shí)減少了力，而且還填補(bǔ)了填充系數(shù)KF的減少（見(jiàn)圖2 ） ，以及只有部分鏟斗裝滿。具體能源消耗填補(bǔ)，礫石的比壤土的高;這也是由于的KF對(duì)砂礫地面的應(yīng)用價(jià)值低，上用凍結(jié)巖石填補(bǔ)鏟斗和流離失所的刮板類似的解凍巖石的指數(shù)做具體的能源消費(fèi)的比較，獲得了Artem'ev [ 2 ] ，表明他們是大致相同的，與巖石一起來(lái)填補(bǔ)鏟斗所需的具體的能

8、源甚至有點(diǎn)少了凍結(jié)巖石;這顯然是由于在后一種情況中減少了摩擦 。鑒于這一事實(shí)，即一些碎石不能被鏟斗拾起，能源消耗被打破是在1立方米的巖石鏟斗中，使用損失系數(shù)口（1.該meanvalue當(dāng)這個(gè)系數(shù)h = 15-20厘米時(shí)為1.63 ?？傮w具體能耗刮板流程，帳戶的損失系數(shù)，是0.36-0.56千瓦時(shí)/ MS分析，根據(jù)地面的性質(zhì)。在凍土上工作時(shí)積極刮板鏟斗的具體能源消費(fèi)明顯的取決于厚度層已經(jīng)被打破;如果在足夠厚的層工作，如在切削方面鏟斗遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比

9、機(jī)器更有效作業(yè)的;具體</p><p><b>　　沃爾沃鏟齒系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　在關(guān)鍵位置上用耐磨材料設(shè)計(jì)自我磨利裝置，新的沃爾沃鏟齒系統(tǒng)提供了一個(gè)垂直的緊縮裝置，在鏟齒后部有一個(gè)加強(qiáng)區(qū)域，防止適配器和引導(dǎo)把柄過(guò)早磨損。適配器與鏟齒連接部分有一個(gè)角度，能更好阻止正面的力，降低鏟齒盒的開(kāi)放。 倒梯形的適配器能夠在適配器與鏟齒之間提供一個(gè)合適的位置。 向里

10、和向外的保持閂有一個(gè)可以重復(fù)使用的鋼閂和一個(gè)較小的、可以替換的二氧化碳浸漬聚氨酯的保持閂，它能提供所需的彈性,方便安裝和拆除。</p><p>　　鋼可以形成耐磨的硬鋼或者堅(jiān)韌的軟鋼。 硬鋼耐用性不好，快速擊打時(shí)能夠形成裂縫。 軟鋼耐用性好，受到強(qiáng)烈的沖擊是不易形成裂縫。為了能在不同的土壤環(huán)境下使用，大多數(shù)制造商會(huì)在兩種特性鋼之間尋求一個(gè)平衡。但是如果你想在你的鏟斗上找到合適的鏟齒，最好的方法是你要知道你的鏟齒在

11、什么時(shí)候能超時(shí)工作。</p><p>　　對(duì)于特別堅(jiān)韌、易磨的場(chǎng)合，一些制造商把磨料焊接到硬質(zhì)合金鏟齒的狹長(zhǎng)地方。這些都是很昂貴的，通常只會(huì)在大型采石場(chǎng)和礦業(yè)場(chǎng)合使用。“這些都是真正的客戶，他們承擔(dān)不起停機(jī)造成的損失?！蔽髅伤拐f(shuō)。</p><p>　　但制造商建議不要焊接自己的鏟齒的硬面?！叭绻悴荒鼙ＷC硬面，鏟齒可能會(huì)破碎?！盰oresen說(shuō)。原因是制造商在對(duì)鏟齒進(jìn)行最終熱處理之前已經(jīng)進(jìn)

12、行了焊接，焊接形成的熱點(diǎn)可能會(huì)破壞鋼鐵的溫度，引起局部區(qū)域的斷裂。</p><p>　　同時(shí)要牢記鏟齒不要太熱，在操作期間鏟齒太熱而不能接觸，特別是對(duì)大型裝載機(jī)的鏟齒或者是挖掘機(jī)在研磨材料時(shí)，這都會(huì)降低廉價(jià)鋼的硬度和彈性，因此在對(duì)鏟齒進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)不能對(duì)溫度評(píng)級(jí)造成傷害。</p><p>　　鏟齒斷裂是另一個(gè)考慮因素?！拔覀兯f(shuō)得用戶的頭號(hào)問(wèn)題最終是鏟齒破損問(wèn)題”，MTG 的行銷業(yè)務(wù)總監(jiān)Nil

13、 Vallve說(shuō)。在鏟齒和適配器之間出現(xiàn)松動(dòng)會(huì)很快導(dǎo)致鏟齒破損或毀壞，“當(dāng)所有的新零件適合緊湊時(shí)，對(duì)于一個(gè)好的鏟齒系統(tǒng)最關(guān)鍵的還是要能夠超時(shí)間工作?！彼f(shuō)。這樣的設(shè)計(jì)也是為了避免應(yīng)力集中分布區(qū)的影響力和交配表面面積為寬越好。</p><p>　　破碎鏟齒對(duì)機(jī)器有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)不止一個(gè)問(wèn)題?！笆チ绥P齒的花費(fèi)就行滾雪球一樣，特別是你在做任何一種破碎工作時(shí)”， Yoresen 說(shuō)，“如果你花費(fèi)$200,000做一個(gè)硬齒鋼的

14、破碎鏟齒，那么電機(jī)或其它重要的部分就會(huì)受到影響。</p><p>　　LITERATURE CITED</p><p>　　1. A .N .Zelenin, Principles of Mechanical Breaking of Ground [in Russian], Mashinostroenie ,Moscow (1968)</p><p>　　2. K

15、.A .Artem'ev ,Principles of the Theory of Scraper Excavation [in Russian], Mashgiz ,Moscow (1963)”</p><p><b>　　附錄2</b></p><p>　　ENERGY CONSUMED IN WORKING FROZEN GROUND</p>

16、;<p>　　WITH AN ACTIVE SCRAPER BUCKET</p><p>　　R. A .Ivanov UDC 621.876.6:624.13 9</p><p>　　To determine the effectiveness of using active scrapers for working frozen ground, we carrie

17、d out field inves-tigations on natural frozen ground. For this purpose we designed and made an experimental bucket; in the bottom of which were located two pneumatic hammers with an impact energy of 100 kgm. The bucket

18、 was installed on astandard scraper with hydraulic control. The test procedure provided for recording of the induced stress and thecompressed air consumption. The experiments were perfor</p><p>　　To charac

19、terize the efficiency of scraper operation, we took a suitable index, namely the total specific en-ergy consumption, which was the sum of the energy consumption on breaking the frozen ground, filling the bucketwith this

20、material, and shifting the scraper.</p><p>　　The energy consumption of impact-breakingof the ground consisted of the specific energy consumption onshifting the working member F5 and the energy consumption on

21、 compressed air，and was the ratio of the powerconsumed N to its intensity i. The intensity of breaking of the ground in the given sector was determined fromthe equation </p><p>　　where Fi and Fk

22、 are, respectively, the cross-sectional areas of thefracture "path" at the beginning and end of the sector i-k, and Vsis the speed of the working member in the sector.The specific energy consumptions on shiftin

23、g the working member were determined by means of the equation </p><p>　　where Ph is the horizontal component of the rock-breaking forceson the teeth of the working member, and F is the cross-sectional area o

24、f the fracture "path. ~The specific energy consumption on compressed air was where Patm is the mean excess compressed air pressure in the sec-tor. * and Q is the mean comumption of compressed air.In Eq. (3) the comp

25、ressed air consumption is expressed in terms of free air。</p><p>　　where T is the absolute temperature of the air on the Kelvinscale ,P0 is the air pressure at t = 15"C ,T Ois the absolutetemperature ,a

26、nd Patm.a is the absolute air pressure.Figure 1 is a plot of the specific energy consumptionvs the thickness of the layer being broken under various con-</p><p>　　ditions; it will be seen that for minimal en

27、ergy consumptionon breaking frozen ground ,it is desirable to work layemthickerthan 15 cm ,because the energy consumption is much greaterfor thinner layers.Table 1 gives the specific energy consumptions onbreaking frozen

28、 ground, obtained by the author for layerthick-nesses of 15-20 cm; it also gives the data of experiments byA .N .Zelenin on breaking frozen loam at - 5 and - 7~ by an impact load, the energy of each impact being 100 kgm,

29、</p><p>　　performed under the same conditions [1] .It will be seen that the specific energy consumption on breaking areless for an active scraper bucket than for splitting by a solid wedge (they are less by

30、a factor of 4 for an impact en-ergy A = 100 kgm .and by a factor fo 1.5-2.0 for A = 1000 kgm) .This shows that the use of an active scraperbucket is an efficient way of breaking frozen ground.The specific energy consumpt

31、ion on filling the bucket with broken frozen rock was determined after deter-</p><p>　　mining the pattern of change in forces along the path of filling of the bucket with rock ,lf .This dependence isplotted

32、graphically in Fig .2. It will be seen that the bucket filling forces increased with the layer thickness by a parabolic law. Furthermore ,these curves give the bucket filling coefficients, Kf ,obtained by these experimen

33、ts.The equations for determining the specific energy consumption on filling the bucket ,Ef, and on moving the scraper like a vehicle, Em ,may be written in the </p><p>　　When h < 10 cm ,only negligible fi

34、lling of the bucket with broken frozen</p><p>　　rock was observed .It will be seen from the curves that the specific energy con-sumption of filling hardly decreases at all with the thickness of the layer bei

35、ngbroken; however, one cannot infer from this that it is more advantageous to fillthe bucket by working a thinner layer, because a decrease in h is accompaniedsimultaneously not only by a decrease in the filling forces b

36、ut also by a decreasein the filling coefficient Kf (Fig. 2) ,and the bucket is only partly filled. Thespecific energy con</p><p>　　broken; however, one cannot infer from this that it is more advantageous to

37、fillthe bucket by working a thinner layer, because a decrease in h is accompaniedsimultaneously not only by a decrease in the filling forces but also by a decreasein the filling coefficient Kf (Fig. 2) ,and the bucket is

38、 only partly filled. Thespecific energy consumption on filling the bucket is somewhat higher for gravelthan for loam; this is also due to the lower values of Kf for gravelly ground.A comparison of the spe</p><

39、p>　　VOLVO TOOTH SYSTEM</p><p>　　A self-sharpening design with strategically positioned wear material, the new Volvo tooth system offers a vertical locking device and a reinforced area on the heel of the t

40、ooth that protects the adapter and guide lugs from early wear. The edge where the adapter meets the tooth is angled, which better resists frontal forces and reduces the risk of the tooth box opening up. The inverted trap

41、ezoidal shape of the adapter nose provides a snug fit between the adapter and tooth even when the teeth are </p><p>　　Steel can be formulated to be hard and abrasion resistant or soft and tough. A hard steel

42、 won’t wear out as quickly, but a hard, quick hit may cause it to crack. Soft steel wears faster but can take shocks without breaking or developing cracks. To cover a wide variety of applications and soil conditions, mos

43、t manufacturers strike a balance between the two properties. But the best way to know if you’ve got the right type of steel in your teeth is to observe how they perform over time.</p><p>　　For particularly t

44、ough, abrasive applications some manufacturers weld carbide strips onto the tooth in highfriction areas. These are expensive, and usually make sense only for the large quarries and mines. “Those are really for applicatio

45、ns where the customer can’t afford the downtime,” Simmons says.</p><p>　　But what manufacturers don’t recommend is hardfacing the teeth yourself. “It will void the warranty if you hardface, and the tooth wil

46、l probably break,” Yoresen says. The reason is that manufacturers put the carbide wear strips on before the tooth goes through its final heat treating process. The heat generated by welding a finished tooth will ruin the

47、 temper of the steel and cause that area to be subject to breakage.</p><p>　　And keep in mind that teeth get hot – too hot to touch during some operations, especially the teeth on bigger loaders or excavator

48、s working in abrasive materials. This can degrade the temper of cheaper steel, so in choosing a tooth design it can’t hurt to find out its temperature rating. Tooth breakage is another consideration. “When we talk to our

49、 end users their number one concern is tooth breakage,” says Nil Vallve, marketing and operations manager for MTG. And a loose fit between the tooth a</p><p>　　And a broken tooth can sometimes be more than j

50、ust a problem for that machine. “The costs of a lost tooth can snowball, especially if you’re working around any kind of crusher,” Yoresen says. “If you have a big chunk of hard steel like a tooth fall into a $200,000 cr

51、usher you’re going to damage the motor or other major component.”</p><p>　　LITERATURE CITED</p><p>　　1. A .N .Zelenin, Principles of Mechanical Breaking of Ground [in Russian], Mashinostroenie ,