產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和轉(zhuǎn)變的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率中國制造業(yè)實(shí)證研究外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目 Industrial agglomeration and labour productivity in transition: an empirical study of Chinese manufacturing industries </p><p>　　出

2、 處：Post-Communist Economies </p><p>　　作 者：Can-fei He and Sheng-jun Zhu </p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p&g

3、t;<p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和轉(zhuǎn)變的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率:中國制造業(yè)實(shí)證研究</p><p>　　自從經(jīng)濟(jì)改革以來，中國制造業(yè)經(jīng)歷了實(shí)質(zhì)性的空間重組。早期中國制造業(yè)在產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚方面比較少，但從20世紀(jì)90年代開始，產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集越來越多。在出口型產(chǎn)業(yè)漸漸聚集的同時(shí)，資源密集型行業(yè)一直比較分散。在那些被地方政府支持和保護(hù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)是分散的，同時(shí)也是市場推動(dòng)行業(yè)及全球力量積聚的推力。本文統(tǒng)計(jì)分析了中國產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率之間正相

4、關(guān)的關(guān)系。在上個(gè)世紀(jì)八十年代，這種積極的關(guān)系處在的是自由化和全球化的行業(yè)。從九十年代至今，也已經(jīng)在大多數(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)中被發(fā)現(xiàn)。實(shí)證結(jié)果顯示了，中國市場化和全球化激發(fā)了工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的競爭力,從而提高了行業(yè)在中國的競爭力。</p><p>　　地理集聚制造了就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)中是普遍存在的。在一些地方和地區(qū)的企業(yè)在空間上不是均勻分布的,也不是集聚的。有許多空間集聚行業(yè)的例子, 常常被引用在包括硅高科技集群和傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)等，如在意

5、大利第三產(chǎn)業(yè)以及在道爾頓的地毯工業(yè)。不管怎么說這一現(xiàn)象不僅僅是在那些發(fā)達(dá)國家出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚已經(jīng)通過有效的途徑在發(fā)展中國家的產(chǎn)業(yè)中發(fā)展了，就像中國和巴西這樣的國家。例如，在浙江和廣東省有很多成功的勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)和全球化行業(yè)的變成行業(yè)集群，提高了中國工業(yè)的競爭力。在中國，發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)集群已成為占主導(dǎo)地位的政策工具。</p><p>　　經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論認(rèn)為，比較優(yōu)勢和聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)為地理產(chǎn)業(yè)集群提供幫助。自20世紀(jì)70年代后期以來，

6、中國經(jīng)歷了兩個(gè)根本性的變化，也造成了在中國發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚的因素是不同的。這兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變是從過渡計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)到驅(qū)動(dòng)的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和從一個(gè)封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)向開放經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)變。這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的過程已經(jīng)被概念化了，就像分散的經(jīng)營模式的三個(gè)過程。中國市場化和全球化激發(fā)了工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的競爭力，它對于中國的空間發(fā)展具有深遠(yuǎn)地影響。</p><p>　　中國制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚</p><p>　　在中國探討總體上的時(shí)間趨勢，我們計(jì)算

7、了在1980-2004年期間的就業(yè)基尼系數(shù)的加權(quán)平均和增加值在總產(chǎn)值的比例。1980年和2004年總產(chǎn)出的加權(quán)基尼系數(shù)分別為0.51和0.64，同時(shí)就業(yè)的加權(quán)基尼系數(shù)是0.41和0.58。在20世紀(jì)80年代工業(yè)產(chǎn)出過程中經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)空間分散但是在上世紀(jì)90年代變的越來越集中。在20世紀(jì)80年代就業(yè)比工業(yè)產(chǎn)量少多了但只持續(xù)到20世紀(jì)80年代初。在社會(huì)主義意識(shí)形態(tài)和在毛澤東時(shí)代平等理念的影響下，中國的工業(yè)化政策贊同傳統(tǒng)的老工業(yè)基地和傾向于內(nèi)在

8、的有滿就業(yè)目標(biāo)的行工業(yè)城市。因此，在中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革之初，上海、天津、北京、四川、甘肅、湖北、遼寧、吉林、黑龍江是中國的大部分工業(yè)基地。領(lǐng)先的四個(gè)省的生產(chǎn)值低于大多數(shù)行業(yè)產(chǎn)出的50%。伴隨政府政策朝向轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭袌鼋?jīng)濟(jì)和開放沿海地區(qū), 在招商引資、勞動(dòng)力、先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，廣東、福建、浙江、江蘇、上海、山東是首先帶頭的。工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值基尼系數(shù)在沿海地區(qū)快速的增長和在老工業(yè)基地以及內(nèi)陸的降低。勞動(dòng)力從內(nèi)地遷移到海岸大大刺激了產(chǎn)業(yè)在沿海地區(qū)的集中。<

9、/p><p>　　到2004年，文化、教育及體育用品、通訊及電子設(shè)備還有化學(xué)纖維仍是最聚集的產(chǎn)業(yè)。服裝及其他纖維，皮革和毛皮制品，紡織品，儀器儀表家具制造，電氣機(jī)械及器材，塑料制品和金屬礦化產(chǎn)品也在獲得集聚勢頭，在2004年基尼系數(shù)大于0.70的高度凝聚以及高度自由化和全球化條件下，許多行業(yè)出口大幅上升或利用外國直接投資的量較大，國有企業(yè)大致已經(jīng)退出行業(yè)。其中，工業(yè)部門的格局集聚的論點(diǎn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)改革刺激了中國產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚提供

10、了一些理由。</p><p>　　首先，所有行業(yè)，除了食品加工，飲料制造業(yè)，煙草加工，石油加工及煉焦業(yè)，醫(yī)療和制藥產(chǎn)品和黑色金屬冶煉在工業(yè)集聚與勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率上表現(xiàn)出顯著的和積極的關(guān)系。例外情況是那些由當(dāng)?shù)卣驀衅髽I(yè)嚴(yán)格保護(hù)或控制的行業(yè)，它們是廣泛平均分散的（國務(wù)院發(fā)展研究中心2004年）。石油加工及煉焦業(yè)和煙草加工的區(qū)位商數(shù)回歸系數(shù)具有重要和積極的意義，但從20世紀(jì)90年代以來卻呈現(xiàn)微不足道或負(fù)相關(guān)。結(jié)果表明，

11、政府干預(yù)和地方保護(hù)主義阻礙了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高。</p><p>　　第二，在20世紀(jì)90年代，勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)如紡織品、文化、教育、體育商品、化學(xué)纖維、橡膠和塑料產(chǎn)品在產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率之間始終保持著緊密和重要的聯(lián)系。從20世紀(jì)90年代初以來還有更多的傳統(tǒng)勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)受益于地理集聚，具有明顯的產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和勞動(dòng)力之間的正相關(guān)。這些行業(yè)包括食品制造業(yè)、服裝、鞋、帽制造、皮革和毛皮制品、木材加工及家具制造、橡膠和塑料制

12、品和非金屬和金屬礦產(chǎn)品。勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)能夠受益于地理集群有幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵的原因。在沿海地區(qū)，勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的特點(diǎn)是跨企業(yè)更深層次的分工，大大降低了生產(chǎn)成本，提高了相關(guān)企業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率（王2001）。沿海產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的優(yōu)勢是更富有成效和勤奮工作的工人，這促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高。濱海地區(qū)的勞動(dòng)力資源也降低了勞動(dòng)的相關(guān)費(fèi)用，有助于勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高。在沿海地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群能更加吸引外國投資，帶來資金、管理和先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，從而能更好的提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。此外，國有資本

13、基本上退出了勞動(dòng)力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，強(qiáng)烈刺激了市場競爭，迫使相關(guān)企業(yè)更具有競爭力?？傮w而言，由于地域集群的生產(chǎn)力影響，市場力量和全球化的影響已經(jīng)驅(qū)使勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)集中在少數(shù)幾個(gè)沿海省份。</p><p>　　第三，資本和技術(shù)密集型行業(yè)，如通用和專門用途機(jī)械，運(yùn)輸設(shè)備，通信和電子設(shè)備，電氣機(jī)械及設(shè)備，儀器儀表等，大大受益于地理集聚。90年代中期機(jī)械和運(yùn)輸設(shè)備的回歸系數(shù)，從微不足道的變?yōu)榉浅Ｖ匾Ｔ?980-2004年所有

14、這些行業(yè)變的更加聚集，例如，電信和電子設(shè)備基尼系數(shù)分別提高了0.61至0.81， 而儀器儀表的基尼系數(shù)也由0.57上升到了0.76。產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚對這些技術(shù)密集型工業(yè)資本和生產(chǎn)力的影響，是來自于強(qiáng)大的本地化的業(yè)務(wù)聯(lián)系和外國投資。上游公司正在接近下游企業(yè)，因?yàn)檫@是他們需求的主要來源，而下游公司希望接近上游的公司，因?yàn)檫@其中的大量中間投入更便宜。例如，汽車及零部件企業(yè)找到汽車組裝公司的原因是由于需求，而汽車裝配公司接近汽車零部件企業(yè)是由于成本聯(lián)系

15、（Amiti 1998年）。相關(guān)企業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力地理上的接近，加快了下游和上游廠商的匹配過程，并降低交易成本（Duranton和Puga 2003年）。資本和技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)也獲得了大量的外國投資，從而促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚。例如，電信和電子設(shè)備及儀器儀表外資占總資產(chǎn)的62％和48％，幾乎所有的中國主要的汽車制造商都是中外合資企業(yè)。許多研究顯示外商投資企業(yè)會(huì)</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論和討論</b>

16、</p><p>　　我們的實(shí)證分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國制造業(yè)已越來越集聚，尤其是那些已基本自由化和全球化的行業(yè)，如糧食、制造業(yè)、服裝、鞋、帽子、皮革和毛皮制品、木材加工、家具制造、橡膠和塑料制品、通信和電子設(shè)備等。也有力量阻止著中國的產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚，特別是地方保護(hù)主義和合理的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策使區(qū)域造成仿制行為權(quán)力下放。被當(dāng)?shù)卣Ｗo(hù)看好的產(chǎn)業(yè)是相當(dāng)分散的。一些典型的受保護(hù)的行業(yè)包括醫(yī)療和醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品、飲料制造業(yè)、食品加工及制造業(yè)、交通運(yùn)輸

17、設(shè)備制造、荷蘭國際集團(tuán)和煙草加工。產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚理論的建議，可能有助于勞動(dòng)力增長。本研究中的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚與勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率在正相關(guān)的體制條件安排下，工業(yè)得到增長和發(fā)展。自由化和全球化體制環(huán)境下沿線的集聚產(chǎn)業(yè)定位線和比較優(yōu)勢，促進(jìn)了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，地域也促進(jìn)了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的增長。因此，行業(yè)經(jīng)歷了自由化和全球化趨向產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚，并已極大地受益于本地化經(jīng)濟(jì)。實(shí)證研究結(jié)果表明，經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型提高了產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚并提升了中國產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力。</p><

18、p>　　Industrial agglomeration and labour productivity in transition: an empirical study of Chinese manufacturing industries</p><p>　　Can-fei He* and Sheng-jun Zhu</p><p>　　College of Urban and

19、 Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China</p><p>　　( Received 6 March 2008; final version received 30 April 2008 )</p><p>　　China has experienced substantial spatial restructuri

20、ng of manufacturing industries since the economic reforms. Chinese manufacturing industries reversed an early drop in industrial agglomeration and have been increasingly agglomerated since the early 1990s. Resource- inte

21、nsive industries have been relatively dispersed while export-oriented industries have been progressively agglomerated. Industries driven by market and global forces are agglomerated while those favoured and protected by

22、local g</p><p>　　The geographical clustering of manufacturing employment is pervasive in developed economies. Firms are not distributed uniformly in space, but rather agglomerate in some places and regions.

23、There exist many examples of spatially clustered industries, including the often cited high-tech clusters in Silicon Valley and clusters of traditional industries such as those in the Third Italy, and the US carpet indus

24、try in Dalton (Devereux et al. 2004). The phenomenon, however, is not confined to those de</p><p>　　Economic theories contend that comparative advantages and agglomeration economies are</p><p>　

25、　responsible for geographical clustering of industries (Ellison and Glaeser 1997). The driving forces of industrial agglomeration in China might differ since China has experienced two fundamental changes since the late 1

26、970s, the transition from a command to a market-driven economy and the transformation from a closed to an open economy (He 2006). This process of economic transition has been conceptualised as a triple process of decentr

27、alisation, marketisation and globalisation, which has had a p</p><p>　　Industrial agglomeration of Chinese manufacturing industries</p><p>　　To investigate the overall temporal trend of industri

28、al agglomeration in China, we computed the yearly weighted average of the Gini coefficient of employment, value added and gross output during 1980 – 2004. As shown in Figure 1, Chinese manufacturing industries have under

29、gone significant spatial transformation since the early 1980s and have been more geographically agglomerated during the period of economic transition. The weighted 1980 and 2004 Gini coefficients of gross output are 0.51

30、 and 0.</p><p>　　By 2004 cultural, education and sports goods, telecommunication and electronic equipment, and chemical fibres became much more agglomerated and remained the most agglomerated industries. Gar

31、ments and other fibres, leather and fur products, textiles, instruments and meters, furniture making, electrical machinery and equipment, plastic products and metal mineral products also gained momentum in agglomeration,

32、 with Gini coefficients greater than 0.70. Many highly agglomerated industries in 2004 wer</p><p>　　First,products and ferrous metal smelting and pressing show a significant and positive relationship between

33、 industrial agglomeration and labour productivity. The exceptions are heavily protected and strongly favoured by local governments or controlled by state-owned enterprises and are fairly geographically dispersed (DRCSC 2

34、004). Regression coefficients on location quotients in petroleum refining and coking and tobacco processing have turned from significant and positive to insignificant or neg</p><p>　　Second, labour-intensive

35、 industries such as textiles, cultural, education and sports goods, chemical fibres and rubber and plastic products keep positive and significant relations between industrial agglomeration and labour productivity in the

36、1990s. Many more traditional labour-intensive industries have benefited from geographical agglomeration since the early 1990s, with a significant positive relationship between industrial agglomeration and labour producti

37、vity. These industries include food </p><p>　　Third, capital and technology-intensive industries such as general and specialised-purpose machinery, transport equipment, telecommunication and electronic equip

38、ment, electrical machinery and equipment and instruments and meters have significantly benefited from geographical agglomeration. The regression coefficients on the location quotients of machinery and transport equipment

39、 changed from insignificant to highly significant from the middle 1990s. The magnitude of regression coefficients on te</p><p>　　Conclusions and discussion</p><p>　　Our empirical analysis found

40、that Chinese manufacturing industries have been increasingly agglomerated, especially those that have been largely liberalised and globalised, such as food manufacturing, garments, shoe and hat making, leather and fur pr

41、oducts, timber processing and furniture making, rubber and plastic products and telecommunication and electronic equipment. There are also forces discouraging industrial agglomeration in China, in particular, local pro