外文翻譯---太陽(yáng)能利用史

1、<p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　Historical Review of Solar Energy</p><p>　　Solar generally refers to the suns radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from H together into

2、 a helium the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of

3、first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the Earths atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earths a</p><p>　　Its power of 80 trillion

4、 kW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute t

5、o receive about 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as wind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light the

6、rmal, photovoltaic and photochemical</p><p>　　At this stage, the worlds solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the

7、introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construct

8、ion of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated co</p><p>　　Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago,

9、back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasi

10、ngly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (ph</p><p&

11、gt;　　Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface o

12、f the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earths orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earths equator to 40000km, and thus calculate

13、d the Earths energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standa</p><p>　　Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources),

14、 although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, th

15、e development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These features will make solar energy in the integrated energy system</p><p>　　The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric

16、 conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of

17、solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are high there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.</p><p>　　Although th

18、e Earths atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five mill

19、ion tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earths fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) t

20、hat is fundamentally Since ancient times the stor</p><p>　　he narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.</p><p>

21、;　　Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so th

22、at social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.</p><p>　　Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materi

23、als, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to descri

24、be the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction.</p><p>　　When the surface of solar light, the silicon material t

25、o be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, w

26、hen the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy int

27、o ele</p><p>　　Si is our planets abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century, scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almost changed everything, even human th

28、ought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen everywhere, silicon figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be d

29、ivided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing</p><p>　　Solar photovoltaic</p><p>　　Is a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will gener

30、ate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long t

31、ime operation would not lead to any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic pane</p&g

32、t;<p>　　Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.</p><p>　　Solar thermal</p><p>　　Moder

33、n technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of

34、 the suns light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .</p><p>　　Accordi

35、ng to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as the near future to add much-needed energy, the basis

36、 of the future energy mix is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French eng

37、ineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox invente</p><p>　　In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these

38、power plants collect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar ent

39、husiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven </p><p>　　1. The First Stage (1900---1920)</p><p>　　In thi

40、s stage, the research focus of solar energy in the world were still on the solar-powered device which variable photospot method were applied and flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating me

41、dium were started to use; the capacity of the device was gradually expanded with the max. output power of 73.46kW; device was utilized with the definite end-use and in higher cost.</p><p>　　The typical built

42、 device included: one set of solar energy pumping device constructed in California of U.S in 1901 which employed truncation taper photospot with the power of 7.36kW; 5 sets of twin-circulated solar-powered engi

43、ne built in U.S in 1902 to 1908 which employed the flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium; 1 set of solar energy pump comprised of 5 parabolic mirror in a length of 62.5m, width of 4m built in C

44、airo of Egypt in which the total light collecting are</p><p>　　2. The Second Stage (1920-1965)</p><p>　　For these 20 years, the research of solar energy was implementing on the poor st

45、age, which the mandate to participate in the development and the research projects had been widely declined due to the mass utilization of fossil fuels and the second world war (1935---1945) while the solar energy couldn

46、’t satisfy the urgent demand upon the energy. Therefore, the research and development of solar energy was due to be gradually deserted.</p><p>　　3. The Third Stage (1945-1965)</p><p>　　For

47、these 20 years after the Second World War, some foresight person has noticed that the petroleum and natural gas resources had been rapidly decreased and called for attention on these issues in order to gradually promote

48、the recovery and development of the solar energy research. Solar energy institutes were setup and academic exchanges and exhibitions were held which raised the research upsurge again on solar energy.</p><p>

49、　　In this period, great progress was achieved in the research of solar energy, in particular: the foundation theory of selective paints proposed in the First International Solar Thermal Academic Conference in 1955, which

50、 black nickel had been developed as the practical selective paints, contributing to development of high-effective heat collector; the practical silicon solar cells developed by Bell Lab in U.S in 1954 which laid the foun

51、dation for large scale utilization of photovoltaic generation.</p><p>　　Furthermore, there were still other significant results, including:</p><p>　　a. One set of 50kW solar stove

52、 was built by French National Research Center in 1952;</p><p>　　b. The worldwide prototype ammonia-water absorbing air conditioning system heated by flat plate heat collector with the capacity of 5 tons was

53、built in Florida of U.S in 1960;</p><p>　　c. An engine equipped with silicon window was invented in 1961.</p><p>　　In this stage, research on foundation theory and foundation material of solar e

54、nergy was reinforced and academic breakthrough, i.e. selective paints and silicon solar cells were achieved. The flat plate had been well developed and ripe in technologies. Progress had been achieved in the research of&

55、#160;solar energy absorbing air conditioners and a batch of pilot solar room was established. Preliminary research was conducted on the engine and tower type solar-powered generation technologies.</p><p&g

56、t;　　4. The Fourth Stage (1965---1973)</p><p>　　In the stage, the research work on solar energy was standstill due to the reason that the utilization technologies of solar energy had entered into the growing

57、stage which was no ripe in process, heavy in investment and lower in effect. Thus it cannot compete with conventional energy, which resulted in the absence of attention and support from the public, enterprise and governm

58、ent.</p><p>　　5. The Fifth Stage (1973---1980)</p><p>　　After petroleum played a leading role in the worldwide energy structure, it has been a key factor to control the economic and determine th

59、e fatal, development and declining of a country. After the explosion of Middle East War at Oc., 1973, OPEC employed the method of declining the production and increasing the price to support the struggle and safeguard th

60、e national benefits which resulted in heavy economic attack for those countries that relied on importing large amount of inexpensive petroleum</p><p>　　From that on, many countries, especially the industrial

61、ized countries turned their attention towards the support on the research and development of solar energy and other renewable energy technologies. The upsurge of developing and utilizing solar energy had been raised agai

62、n in the world. In 1973, U.S drew up a government scale sunlight power generation program which the research budget for solar energy were increased in a large amount, and solar energy development bank was to established

63、to fa</p><p>　　The upsurge on the utilization of solar energy raised in 1970s in the world also impacted on China. Some foresight technicians started to devote to the solar energy industry one after another

64、and positively proposed to the relative department of the government and published books and periodicals to introduce the international trends on the utilization of solar energy. Solar stove was popularized and

65、 utilized in countryside; solar water heater was launched in the city; solar cells used in space h</p><p>　　During this period, research and development of solar energy entered into an unprecedented well-dev

66、eloped stage with the following characteristics:</p><p>　　a. Each country enhanced planning on solar energy research. Many countries worked out short term and long-term sunlight program. The utiliz

67、ation of solar energy had been a governmental action with intensive support. The international cooperation was very active which some developing countries had started to participate in the utilization of solar energy.<

68、;/p><p>　　b. The research field was expanding; research work was developed day by day and significant results achieved, for example, CPC, vacuum heat collecting pipe, non-crystal silicon solar cells, water-phot

69、olyzed hydrogen production and solar energy thermal power generation.</p><p>　　c. The solar energy development program worked out by each country existed the problems that the requirement was too high and ur

70、gent and insufficient expectation on difficulty in implementation. They have thought to replace the mineral energy in the short time and to utilize the solar energy in large scale. For example, U.S has once scheduled to

71、build a small size solar energy demonstration satellite power station in 1985 and one set of 5 million kW space solar energy power station in 1995. In f</p><p>　　d. Products such as solar water heater&#

72、160;and solar cells were started to commercialize. The solar energy sector has been preliminarily established with a small scale and ineffective economic effects.</p><p>　　6. The Sixth Stage (1980-

73、1992)</p><p>　　The upsurge on utilization of solar energy emerged in 1970s was fallen into a stage of being developed in a low and slow step in 1980s. Many countries in the world declined the research budget

74、 for solar energy in successive in a large amount, in particular the U.S.</p><p>　　The main reasons resulted in this situation were that the international oil price was corrected in a large range while solar

75、 energy product cost was still remaining as before which may be of no competitive capability; no any significant breakthrough on solar energy technologies to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost which led to break

76、 down people’s confidence to develop solar energy; increased development on nuclear power which may restrain on a certain degree on the development of solar</p><p>　　Influenced on the turndown of solar energ

77、y in the worldwide in 1980s, research work in China also declined in a certain degree. Due to the reason that the utilization of solar energy was heavy in investment, ineffective in results, difficult in energy storage a

78、nd large in land covering, solar energy should be considered as the future energy. Some person even proposed that the technology could be introduced after it would be developed successfully. Only few people supported suc

79、h viewpoint, but it</p><p>　　During this period, although the research budget has been mitigated in a large amount, the research work remained uninterruptedly, among which some projects achieved progress whi

80、ch facilitated people to investigate seriously on the program and goads worked out before and to adjust the research focus so that to strive for great achievement by less input.</p><p>　　7. The Seventh Stage

81、 (1992---Until Now)</p><p>　　Excessive burning of fossil fuel led to worldwide environmental pollution and ecological destruction, which has been threatened the substance and development of human beings. Und

82、er such circumstance, UN held the international environment and development conference in Brazil in 1992. On this meeting, a series of important document were published including the Environment and Development Mani

83、festo, Agenda of 21st century and UN Framework Pact on Climate Changing in which the environment and develo</p><p>　　After this conference, Chinese government also turned their atten

84、tion towards the environment and development and pointed out 10 pieces of tactic and measure definitely to develop and popularize the clean energy including solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy and bio

85、mass energy in accordance with the reality; worked out Agenda of 21st century in China and further focused the solar energy projects. In 1995, the State Planning, the State Economic and Trade Commission, t

86、he State M</p><p>　　In 1996, UN held the worldwide solar energy summit conference in Zimbabwe. The Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Manifesto was published after the meeting. Important docu

87、ment, i.e.Worldwide Solar Energy 10-Year Action and Program (1996---2005), International Solar Energy Pact, Worldwide Solar Energy Strategic Planning were discussed during the meeting. This meeting further

88、 showed each country’s commitment to developing the solar energy. Worldwide joint action was required to extensively u</p><p>　　After 1992, the worldwide utilization of solar energy has entered into a develo

89、ping stage with the characteristic that:</p><p>　　a. The utilization of solar energy can be consistent to the sustainable development and environment protection, and can be carried out jointly to realize the

90、 development strategy in the world;</p><p>　　b. Definite development goals with focus projects and effective measure, which will be favorable to overcome the shortage to ensure the long-term development of s

91、olar energy industry;</p><p>　　c. In the course of expanding the research of solar energy, attention was paid to convert the academic results into production, develop solar energy industry, speed up the prog

92、ress to be commercialized, expand the utilization field and scale and increase the economic benefits;</p><p>　　d. Active international cooperation in the field of solar energy with expanding scale and obviou

93、s effect.</p><p>　　In view of the review, the development of solar energy in the 20th century was not so smooth. Generally speaking, low tide period was happened after every high tide period. The low ti

94、de period lasted for nearly 45 years. The development of solar energy differed with that of coal, petroleum and nuclear energy in understanding and development period, which could be demonstrated that it was very difficu

95、lty to develop the solar energy and it cannot be realized to large scale utilize in the short ter</p><p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　太陽(yáng)能利用史</b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能一般指

96、太陽(yáng)光的輻射能量。在太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行的由氫聚變成氦的原子核反應(yīng)，不停地釋放出巨大的能量，并不斷向宇宙空間輻射能量，這種能量就是太陽(yáng)能。太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部的這種核聚變反應(yīng)，可以維持幾十億至上百億年的時(shí)間。太陽(yáng)向宇宙空間發(fā)射的輻射功率為3.8x10^23kW的輻射值，其中20億分之一到達(dá)地球大氣層。到達(dá)地球大氣層的太陽(yáng)能，30%被大氣層反射，23%被大氣層吸收，其余的到達(dá)地球表面，其功率為800000億kW，也就是說太陽(yáng)每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當(dāng)于燃

97、燒500萬(wàn)噸煤釋放的熱量。平均在大氣外每平米面積每分鐘接受的能量大約1367w。廣義上的太陽(yáng)能是地球上許多能量的來(lái)源，如風(fēng)能，化學(xué)能，水的勢(shì)能等等。狹義的太陽(yáng)能則限于太陽(yáng)輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學(xué)的直接轉(zhuǎn)換。</p><p>　　人類對(duì)太陽(yáng)能的利用有著悠久的歷史。我國(guó)早在兩千多年前的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，就知道利用鋼制四面鏡聚焦太陽(yáng)光來(lái)點(diǎn)火；利用太陽(yáng)能來(lái)干燥農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品。發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代，太陽(yáng)能的利用已日益廣泛，它包括太陽(yáng)能的光熱利用

98、，太陽(yáng)能的光電利用和太陽(yáng)能的光化學(xué)利用等。太陽(yáng)能的利用有光化學(xué)反應(yīng),被動(dòng)式利用（光熱轉(zhuǎn)換）和光電轉(zhuǎn)換兩種方式。太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電一種新興的可再生能源利用方式。</p><p>　　使用太陽(yáng)電池，通過光電轉(zhuǎn)換把太陽(yáng)光中包含的能量轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，使用太陽(yáng)能熱水器，利用太陽(yáng)光的熱量加熱水，并利用熱水發(fā)電，利用太陽(yáng)能進(jìn)行海水淡化?，F(xiàn)在，太陽(yáng)能的利用還不很普及，利用太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電還存在成本高、轉(zhuǎn)換效率低的問題，但是太陽(yáng)電池在為人造衛(wèi)星提供