外文翻譯---淺析機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　學(xué)院 (系)： </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　外文出處： Analysis Of The Electrical And </p><p>　　Mechanical Technology

3、 </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　淺析機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，極大地推動(dòng)了

4、不同學(xué)科的交叉與滲透，導(dǎo)致了工程領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)革命與改造。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域，由于微電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其向機(jī)械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機(jī)電一體化，使機(jī)械工業(yè)的技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品機(jī)構(gòu)、功能與構(gòu)成、生產(chǎn)方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化，使工業(yè)生產(chǎn)由“機(jī)械電氣化”邁入了“機(jī)電一體化”為特征的發(fā)展階段。</p><p>　　機(jī)電一體化是指在機(jī)構(gòu)得主功能、動(dòng)力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進(jìn)電子技術(shù)，將機(jī)械裝置與電子化設(shè)計(jì)及軟件

5、結(jié)合起來(lái)所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。</p><p>　　機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展至今也已成為一門有著自身體系的新型學(xué)科，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不但發(fā)展，還將被賦予新的內(nèi)容。但其基本特征可概括為：機(jī)電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感測(cè)控技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、接口技術(shù)、信息變換技術(shù)以及軟件編程技術(shù)等群體技術(shù)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能目標(biāo)和優(yōu)化組織目標(biāo)，合理配置與布局各功能單元，在多功能、高質(zhì)

6、量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能價(jià)值，并使整個(gè)系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)。由此而產(chǎn)生的功能系統(tǒng)，則成為一個(gè)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)或機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　因此，“機(jī)電一體化”涵蓋“技術(shù)”和“產(chǎn)品”兩個(gè)方面。只是，機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)是基于上述群體技術(shù)有機(jī)融合的一種綜合技術(shù)，而不是機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)以及其它新技術(shù)的簡(jiǎn)單組合、拼湊。這是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械加電氣所形成的機(jī)械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機(jī)械工程技術(shù)有

7、純技術(shù)發(fā)展到機(jī)械電氣化，仍屬傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體力。但是發(fā)展到機(jī)電一體化后，其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機(jī)械部件的原有功能外，還能賦予許多新的功能，如自動(dòng)檢測(cè)、自動(dòng)處理信息、自動(dòng)顯示記錄、自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)與控制自動(dòng)診斷與保護(hù)等。即機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸，還是人的感官與頭腦的眼神，具有智能化的特征是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械電氣化在功能上的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。</p><p>　　機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分

8、為3個(gè)階段。20世紀(jì)60年代以前為第一階段，這一階段稱為初級(jí)階段。在這一時(shí)期，人們自覺(jué)不自覺(jué)地利用電子技術(shù)的初步成果來(lái)完善機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)刺激了機(jī)械產(chǎn)品與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合，這些機(jī)電結(jié)合的軍用技術(shù)，戰(zhàn)后轉(zhuǎn)為民用，對(duì)戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)起了積極的作用。那時(shí)研制和開(kāi)發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當(dāng)時(shí)電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展尚未達(dá)到一定水平，機(jī)械技術(shù)與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展，已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)的產(chǎn)品也無(wú)法大量推廣。</

9、p><p>　　20世紀(jì)70~80年代為第二階段，可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時(shí)期，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計(jì)算機(jī)的迅猛發(fā)展，為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)是：①mechatronics一詞首先在日本被普遍接受，大約到20世紀(jì)80年代末期在世界范圍內(nèi)得到比較廣泛的承認(rèn)；②機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品得到了極大發(fā)展；③各國(guó)均開(kāi)始對(duì)

10、機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品給以很大的關(guān)注和支持。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)90年代后期，開(kāi)始了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進(jìn)的新階段，機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)入深入發(fā)展時(shí)期。一方面，光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進(jìn)入了機(jī)電一體化，微細(xì)加工技術(shù)也在機(jī)電一體化中嶄露頭腳，出現(xiàn)了光機(jī)電一體化和微機(jī)電一體化等新分支；另一方面對(duì)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設(shè)計(jì)、分析和集成方法，機(jī)電一體化的學(xué)科體系和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)都進(jìn)行了深入研究。同時(shí)，由于人工智能技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技

11、術(shù)及光纖技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得的巨大進(jìn)步，為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)開(kāi)辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究，將促使機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)一步建立完整的基礎(chǔ)和逐漸形成完整的科學(xué)體系。</p><p>　　我國(guó)是從20世紀(jì)80年代初才開(kāi)始在這方面研究和應(yīng)用。國(guó)務(wù)院成立了機(jī)電一體化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組并將該技術(shù)列為“863計(jì)劃”中。在制定“九五”規(guī)劃和2010年發(fā)展綱要時(shí)充分考慮了國(guó)際上關(guān)于機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展動(dòng)向和由此可能帶來(lái)的影響。許多大專院校、研究機(jī)構(gòu)及一些大

12、中型企業(yè)對(duì)這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作，不取得了一定成果，但與日本等先進(jìn)國(guó)家相比仍有相當(dāng)差距。</p><p>　　機(jī)電一體化是集機(jī)械、電子、光學(xué)、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息等多學(xué)科的交叉綜合，它的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步依賴并促進(jìn)相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步。因此，機(jī)電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向如下：</p><p>　　智能化是21世紀(jì)機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機(jī)電一體化建設(shè)者的研究日益得到重

13、視，機(jī)器人與數(shù)控機(jī)床的智能化就是重要應(yīng)用。這里所說(shuō)的“智能化”是對(duì)機(jī)器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上，吸收人工智能、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混沌動(dòng)力學(xué)等新思想、新方法，模擬人類智能，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目標(biāo)。誠(chéng)然，使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品具有與人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速的微處理器使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦有低級(jí)智能或人的部分智能，則是完全可能而又必要的

14、。</p><p>　　模塊化是一項(xiàng)重要而艱巨的工程。由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開(kāi)發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、電氣接口、動(dòng)力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元是一項(xiàng)十分復(fù)雜但又是非常重要的事。如研制集減速、智能調(diào)速、電機(jī)于一體的動(dòng)力單元，具有視覺(jué)、圖像處理、識(shí)別和測(cè)距等功能的控制單元，以及各種能完成典型操作的機(jī)械裝置。這樣，可利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元迅速開(kāi)發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品，同時(shí)也可以擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。這需要制定各項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以便

15、各部件、單元的匹配和接口。由于利益沖突，近期很難制定國(guó)際或國(guó)內(nèi)這方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但可以通過(guò)組建一些大企業(yè)逐漸形成。顯然，從電氣產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化帶來(lái)的好處可以肯定，無(wú)論是對(duì)生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)電一體化單元的企業(yè)還是對(duì)生產(chǎn)機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)，規(guī)?；瘜⒔o機(jī)電一體化企業(yè)帶來(lái)美好的前程。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)90年代，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等的突出成就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的興起和飛速發(fā)展給科學(xué)技術(shù)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、政治、軍事、教育義舉人么日

16、常生活都帶來(lái)了巨大的變革。各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)將全球經(jīng)濟(jì)、生產(chǎn)連成一片，企業(yè)間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也將全球化。機(jī)電一體化新產(chǎn)品一旦研制出來(lái)，只要其功能獨(dú)到，質(zhì)量可靠，很快就會(huì)暢銷全球。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾，而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)是家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化已成大勢(shì)，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)(home net)將各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家電系統(tǒng)(computer integrated app

17、liance system, CIAS)，使人們?cè)诩依锓窒砀鞣N高技術(shù)帶來(lái)的便利與快樂(lè)。因此，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無(wú)疑朝著網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　微型化興起于20世紀(jì)80年代末，指的是機(jī)電一體化向微型機(jī)器和微觀領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。國(guó)外稱其為微電子機(jī)械系統(tǒng)（MEMS），泛指幾何尺寸不超過(guò)1cm3的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，并向微米、納米級(jí)發(fā)展。微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品體積小 、耗能少、運(yùn)動(dòng)靈活，在生物醫(yī)療、軍事、信息等方面具有不可

18、比擬的優(yōu)勢(shì)。微機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展的瓶頸在于微機(jī)械技術(shù)，微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的加工采用精細(xì)加工技術(shù)，即超精密技術(shù)，它包括光刻技術(shù)和蝕刻技術(shù)兩類。</p><p>　　工業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)給人們生活帶來(lái)了巨大變化。一方面，物質(zhì)豐富，生活舒適；另一方面，資源減少，生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染。于是，人們呼吁保護(hù)環(huán)境資源，回歸自然。綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，綠色化是時(shí)代的趨勢(shì)。綠色產(chǎn)品在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀的生命過(guò)程中，符合特定的環(huán)境

19、保護(hù)和人類健康的要求，對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境無(wú)害或危害極少，資源利用率極高。設(shè)計(jì)綠色的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，具有遠(yuǎn)大的發(fā)展前途。機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指，使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境，報(bào)廢后能回收利用。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化的表現(xiàn)特征之一就是系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步采用開(kāi)放式和模式化的總線結(jié)構(gòu)。系統(tǒng)可以靈活組態(tài)，進(jìn)行任意剪裁和組合，同時(shí)尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)多子系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)控制和綜合管理。表現(xiàn)之二是通信功能的大大加強(qiáng)，一般除RS232外，還有RS48

20、5、DCS人格化。未來(lái)的機(jī)電一體化更加注重產(chǎn)品與人的關(guān)系，機(jī)電一體化的人格化有兩層含義。一層是，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對(duì)象是人，如何賦予機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品人的智能、情感、人性顯得越來(lái)越重要，特別是對(duì)家用機(jī)器人，其高層境界就是人機(jī)一體化。另一層是模仿生物機(jī)理，研制各種機(jī)電一體花產(chǎn)品。事實(shí)上，許多機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品都是受動(dòng)物的啟發(fā)研制出來(lái)的。</p><p>　　綜上所述，機(jī)電一體化的出現(xiàn)不是孤立的，它是許多科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的

21、結(jié)晶，是社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定階段的必然要求。當(dāng)然，與機(jī)電一體化相關(guān)的技術(shù)還有很多，并且隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種技術(shù)相互融合的趨勢(shì)將越來(lái)越明顯，機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的廣闊發(fā)展前景也將越來(lái)越光明。附件2：外文原文</p><p>　　Analysis of the Electrical and Mechanical Technology</p><p>　　integration of the st

22、atus and development trend</p><p>　　Modern scientific and technological development has greatly accelerated the different disciplines of infiltration and cross-cutting, leading to the area of the project and

23、 the transformation of the technological revolution. In the field of mechanical engineering, microelectronics and computer technology and the rapid development of the machinery industry formed by the infiltration of the

24、mechanical and electrical integration, so that the technical structure of industrial machinery, products, fun</p><p>　　Mechanical and electrical integration refers to agencies winner function, dynamic functi

25、on, information processing and control functions, the introduction of the electronic technology, mechanical devices and electronic design and software combined with the constraints of the system collectively. </p>

26、<p>　　So far, the development of electromechanical integration has become a system with a new type of self-discipline, not only with the development of science and technology, will be given new content. But the bas

27、ic characteristics can be summarized as: mechanical and electrical integration system from the point of view of the integrated use of machinery technology, micro-electronics technology, automatic control technology, comp

28、uter technology, information technology, sensor monitoring and control t</p><p>　　Therefore, the "mechatronics" covered "technical" and "product" two aspects. Only, electromecha

29、nical integration technology is based on the technical groups of a comprehensive organic integration of technology, rather than mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, as well as other new technologies simple

30、combination of patchwork. This is the integration of mechanical and electrical machinery and electrical and mechanical electrification formed by the concept of the fundamental differenc</p><p>　　Mechatronics

31、 development can be roughly divided into three stages. 20 in the 1960s before the first stage, called the primary stage of this phase. During this period, people consciously or unconsciously use of electronic technology

32、to perfect the preliminary results of the performance of mechanical products. Especially during the Second World War, a war to stimulate the machinery and electronic technologies, the combination of mechanical and electr

33、ical military technology to civilian use after t</p><p>　　20th Century 70 ~ 80 for the second stage, known as the flourishing development stage. During this period, computer technology, control technology, c

34、ommunications technology development, and mechanical and electrical integration for the development of the technical basis. Large-scale, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and the rapid development of micro-computer,

35、mechanical and electrical integration for the development of an adequate material basis. This period is characterized by: ① mechatr</p><p>　　The late 1990s, and began electromechanical integration technology

36、 to intelligent direction of a new stage of in-depth development of mechanical and electrical integration into the period. On the one hand, optical, communication technology into the mechanical and electrical integration

37、, micro-machining technology is the first electromechanical integration Zhanlu feet, there has been the integration of optical and electrical machinery and MEMS integration of new branches; on the other hand on the</p

38、><p>　　China is moving from the 20th century began in the early 1980s in this study and application. State Council set up a leading group and electromechanical integration of the technology as the "863 Pro

39、gram". In the development of "Ninth Five-Year" plan and outline for the development of 2010 to take full account of the international community on the development of mechanical and electrical integration t

40、echnology trends and the potential impact of this. Many universities, research institutions and s</p><p>　　Electromechanical integration, is a mechanical, electronic, optical, control, computer, information,

41、 and other cross-integrated multidisciplinary, it dependent on the progress and development of relevant technologies and promote the development and progress. Therefore, electromechanical integration of major development

42、 are as follows: </p><p>　　Intelligent electromechanical integration of the 21st century technological development an important development direction. Builders in electromechanical integration of artificial

43、intelligence research is receiving increasing attention, the robot and CNC machine tool is an important application of the intelligent. Here the word "intelligent" is a description of the machine is in control

44、theory on the basis of absorption artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy mathem</p><p>　　Modularity is an important and difficult project. As electromechanical integration prod

45、ucts and manufacturers wide variety of research and development with a standard interface mechanical, electrical interface, dynamic interface, the interface environment electromechanical integration products unit is a ve

46、ry complex but is a very important thing. If developed Set slowdown, intelligent governor, the electrical power unit was integrated with vision, image processing, identification and location of</p><p>　　In t

47、he 1990s, computer technology, the outstanding achievements networking technology. And the rise of network technology to the rapid development of science and technology, industrial production, political, military, educat

48、ional Daily Mody daily lives who have brought tremendous changes. Various networks will be the global economy, even as a production, competition between enterprises in the globalization. Electromechanical integration of

49、new products once developed, as long as its unique featu</p><p>　　Miniaturization of the rise in the late 1980s, refers to the integration of micro-electromechanical machines and the trend of development of

50、micro-areas. Abroad called MEMS (MEMS), refers to the geometric size of not more than 1 cm3 electromechanical integration products, and micron, nanometer development. Micro-electro-mechanical integration products are sma

51、ll, less energy consumption, exercise flexibility in the biological medical, military, and information, has unparalleled advantages. Micro-</p><p>　　Industry developed for the people's living brought tre

52、mendous changes. On the one hand, rich material life comfortable on the other hand, fewer resources, the ecological environment is seriously contaminated. So, people called for the protection of environment and resources

53、, and return to nature. This concept of green products in the voice of the right moment, green is the trend of the times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, to meet specif

54、ic env</p><p>　　One characteristic of systematic performance system architecture is open and further use of the model bus architecture. System configuration can be flexible, tailoring and arbitrary combinati

55、ons at the same time seek to achieve more coordination and control subsystems and integrated management. The second performance is greatly enhanced communications functions, in addition to general RS232, RS485 there, DCS