外文翻譯=防抱死制動系統(tǒng)（abs）=3700字符

1、<p><b>　　原 文：</b></p><p>　　Guards against holds dead braking system (ABS)</p><p>　　ABS development histories and introduces</p><p>　　ABS is an item only then starts

2、 the application in the end of the 80's the new technology, now already became the common passenger vehicle to have the support. Statistics have indicated, the automobile meets suddenly when the situation sends the b

3、raking, 90% above drivers often meet a foot the brake pedal to step on come slam on the brakes, this time vehicle to be extremely easy to produce slip and have the side-slipping, namely the people are named “fling the ta

4、il”, this will be one kind extrem</p><p>　　The automobile guards against holds the dead braking system to have many types, now common is four channel ABS system and three channel ABS type. These types guard

5、against hold the dead braking system the sensor through to examine the wheel the rotational speed to adjust the hydraulic pressure to prevent the wheel hugs dies. </p><p>　　Some people thought the automobile

6、 assembles ABS to think drives may the capriciousness, the blind drive fast did not fear, this is the extremely wrong understanding. The automobile installed ABS not to install ABS in the brake effect aspect to be more i

7、deal than, this was affirmative, but ABS also only could under certain condition, be able to play its role fully. For example gets on the brakes suddenly on the wet slippery path, the ABS system may enable the pilot to m

8、aintain the vehicles trave</p><p>　　Now the automobile assembles ABS is one kind of electrically controlled installment, it only can mechanically after the procedure which establishes carry out the movement

9、according to the sixth branch. If the driver did not understand ABS the function, is very possibly contrary to what expects. The automobile applies the brake when ABS checks the way with the spot to be possible to preven

10、t vehicles when brake loses changes ability, plays time the control vehicles stopping role. But plays the ope</p><p>　　traffic accident to reduce 50%. </p><p>　　10 year before last, if the passe

11、nger vehicle installment has ABS (to guard against hugs dies braking system), not only explain ad this vehicle the security performance stands out, moreover the scale quite is also high-level. Today, installed ABS the pa

12、ssenger vehicle already quite to be common, the economy vehicle also installed has ABS. Along with is more and more high to the auto safety performance quest, some center, the high link passenger vehicle already did not

13、satisfy ABS, but also insta</p><p>　　The ASR function is when pick-up skidding rate control in curtains cope, thus prevented the driving gear fast skids. Its function one enhances the force of traction; Two,

14、 maintains the automobile the travel to be stable. The travel when the easy slippery road surface ,does not have ASR the pick-up the driving gear to be easy to slip; If after is the vehicles which actuates is easy to fli

15、ng the tail, like is the vehicles easy direction which front actuates to lose control When has ASR, auto mobil</p><p>　　the brake in the process, the wheel tachometer generator unceasingly each wheel rotatio

16、nal speed signal prompt transportation for the ABS electronic control unit (ECU), the control logic which ABS the ECU basis establishes the signal which inputs to 4 tachometer generators carries on processing, calculates

17、 the automobile the reference vehicle speed, various wheels speed and reduces the speed, determines various wheels the slipping rate. If some wheel slipping rate surpasses supposes the definite</p><p>　　In a

18、pplies the brake in the process, if the wheel has not held the dead tendency, the ABS system will not participate in the brake pressure control, this time will apply the brake the process and the convention braking syst

19、em is same. If ABS will appear the break down, the electronic control unit no longer will carry on the control to the hydraulic pressure unit, and will lighten the display board on ABS breakdown tell-tale light, will sen

20、d out the warning signal to the pilot, this time ABS wil</p><p>　　function is bequeaths the wheel rotational speed signal the ABS electronic control unit. MK20- I ABS system altogether has 4 wheels tachomete

21、r generator, the front wheel tooth ring (43 teeth) installs on the drive shaft, the tachometer generator installs in knuckle on, like the chart 8-2 shows. The trailing wheel tooth ring (43 teeth) install on the after whe

22、el hub, the tachometer generator installs on the fixed support. The sensor and the magnetic tooth ring is composed by electromagnetism indu</p><p>　　rotates to the space between teeth and transmit the magnet

23、ic core relative, between transmit magnetic core and tooth ring gap biggest, has the magnetic line of force by the permanent magnetic core not easily through the tooth ring, around the induction coil magnetic field is we

24、ak, like the chart 8-4 (b) shows. This time, the magnetic flux rapid in turn changes, will be able to produce the alternating voltage in the induction coil, the alternating voltage frequency with the vehicle rotates the

25、in</p><p>　　(2) ABS the controller ABS controller by the ABS electronic control unit (J104), the hydraulic control unit (N55), the hydraulic pump (V64) and so on is composed. 1st, the electronic control unit

26、 electronic control unit is the ABS system control center, it is a microcomputer in fact, therefore often is called ABS (ECU) the computer. ABS ECU by the input circuit, the digital controller, the output circuit and the

27、 warning electric circuit is composed. The primary mission is the continuous monitori</p><p>　　hydraulic pump work, prevented the wheel hugs dies. ABS ECU also unceasingly carries on the monitoring to own wo

28、rk. Because in ABS ECU has two quite same not less than microprocessors, they carry on processing according to the similar procedure to the input signal, and the intermediate result and the final outcome which produces i

29、t carry on the comparison, one also the discovery result is in consistent namely determines own existence breakdown, it can the automatic shut-off ABS system. In additi</p><p>　　ABS system existence breakdow

30、n. After self-checking had ended, the ABS breakdown lights extinguish, indicated the system work is normal Because the self-checking process probably needs 2s, therefore in normal condition, when the ignition lock puts t

31、hrough, the ABS breakdown lights lighten 2s, then automatically extinguishes again, is normal. Otherwise if the ignition lock puts through time, the ABS breakdown lights are not bright, explained the ABS breakdown lights

32、 or its line existence breakdow</p><p>　　installs in the brake master cylinder with the brake wheel cylinder between, uses the integral-type structure (like chart 8-5 to show).The primary mission is the tran

33、sformation carries out the ABS ECU instruction, in automatic control brake low pressure. The low pressure pot and the electrically operated hydraulic pump gather is a body installs on the hydraulic control unit. The low

34、pressure oil tank function is uses in the temporary storage the brake fluid which flows out from the wheel cylinde</p><p>　　system by the pressure support, the increase applies the brake the potency. The ele

35、ctrically operated hydraulic pump revolution is by the electronic control unit control. The hydraulic control unit (N55) valve in vivo including 8 solenoid valves, each return route each pair, often advances the oil valv

36、e, often shuts the delivery valve. It in the brake master cylinder, the brake wheel cylinder and returns to between the oil duct to establish the relation, realization pressure lifting, the pressur</p><p>　　

37、hydraulic brake system is same, the brake pressure unceasingly rises.</p><p><b>　　翻 譯：</b></p><p>　　防抱死制動系統(tǒng)（ABS）</p><p>　　ABS的發(fā)展歷史及簡介</p><p>　　ABS是一項在80年代末才

38、興起應(yīng)用的新技術(shù)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為一般轎車的必裝件了。 據(jù)統(tǒng)計，汽車突然遇到情況發(fā)剎車時，百分之九十以上的駕駛者往往會一腳將剎車踏板踩到底來個急剎車，這時候的車子十分容易產(chǎn)生滑移并發(fā)生側(cè)滑，即人們俗稱的“甩尾”，這是一種非常容易造成車禍的現(xiàn)象。造成汽車側(cè)滑的原因很多，例如行駛速度，地面狀況，輪胎結(jié)構(gòu)等都會造成側(cè)滑，但最根本的原因是汽車在緊急制動時車輪輪胎與地面的滾動摩擦?xí)蝗蛔優(yōu)榛瑒幽Σ?，輪胎的抓地力幾乎喪失，此時此刻駕駛者盡管扭動方向盤也

39、會無濟于事。針對這種產(chǎn)生側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象的根本原因，汽車專家就研制出車用ABS這樣一套防滑制動裝置。 </p><p>　　汽車防抱死制動系統(tǒng)有許多類型，現(xiàn)在常見是四通道ABS系統(tǒng)和三通道ABS類型。這些類型的防抱死制動系統(tǒng)的transmit器通過檢測車輪的轉(zhuǎn)速以調(diào)整液壓來防止車輪抱死。 </p><p>　　有人以為汽車裝配 ABS就以為開車可以隨意性，盲目開快車也不怕，這是非常錯誤的認識。汽車

40、安裝了ABS在制動的效果方面比沒有安裝 ABS理想，這是肯定的，但ABS也只能在一定的條件下，才能充分發(fā)揮它的作用。例如在濕滑的道路上突然剎車，ABS系統(tǒng)可以使駕駛員能夠保持車輛行駛平穩(wěn)，在較短的距離內(nèi)將汽車剎住。但在不濕滑的路面上，一般不能縮短剎車距離，但可以減少和避免“甩尾”現(xiàn)象。路面的測試研究表明，在沙石路或其他松軟的路面上，ABS系統(tǒng)甚至?xí)龃筌囕v的剎車距離，因為剎車距離的長短與路面的摩擦系數(shù)和輪胎有關(guān)。因此，為了有效減小剎車距

41、離，許多汽車上都安裝有EBD（Electric Brakeforce Distribution），中文譯“電子制動力分配”。EBD在ABS動作之前巳經(jīng)根據(jù)車輛載荷平衡了車輪的地面抓地力，對后輪的制動力進行合理分配，可以有效地縮短汽車制動距離，實際上起到ABS的增補功能。因此許多汽車都有“ABS＋EBD”的裝置，改善和提高ABS的功效。 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在汽車裝配的ABS是一種電控裝置，它只能機械地按照巳經(jīng)

42、編制好的程序來執(zhí)行動作。如果駕駛者不了解ABS的功能，很可能事與愿違。汽車制動時ABS用點剎方式可以防止車輛在制動時喪失轉(zhuǎn)向能力，起到控制車輛制動狀態(tài)時的作用。但根本起到操縱作用是駕駛者，當駕駛者在緊急情況下猛踩制動踏板的同時又急扭方向盤（許多經(jīng)驗不足或驚慌失措者的本能動作往往是急扭方向盤）。如果車輛沒有安裝ABS導(dǎo)致制動系統(tǒng)抱死，對方向盤的過激反應(yīng)就不會起作用，此時駕駛者不能通過方向盤來控制車輛移動的方向；但如果安裝了ABS系統(tǒng)讓駕駛

43、者能夠控制方向盤，那么在慌亂的情況下對方向盤的過激反應(yīng)就會使情況變得更糟。由于突然急扭方向盤，往往會令汽車突然產(chǎn)生側(cè)滑而發(fā)生事故。美國高速公路安全管理協(xié)會（NHTSA）通過測試認為，安裝有ESP對駕駛者控制車輛可以有很大幫助。ESP（電控行駛平穩(wěn)系統(tǒng)，英文全稱Electronic Stabilty Program）包含ABS及ASR，是這兩種系統(tǒng)功能上的延伸，它能防止車輪在制動時抱死和在啟動時打滑。ESP不斷地測檢車輛的行駛狀態(tài)，當發(fā)生

44、緊急情況時它會迅速反應(yīng)，通過液壓調(diào)節(jié)器調(diào)節(jié)每個車輪的制動壓力和干</p><p>　　10前年，如果轎車安裝有ABS（防抱死制動系統(tǒng)），不但說明該車的安全性能出類拔萃，而且檔次也相當高級。今天，安裝ABS的轎車已經(jīng)相當普遍，經(jīng)濟型車也安裝有ABS。隨著對汽車安全性能的要求越來越高，一些中、高檔級的轎車已經(jīng)不滿足于ABS，還安裝了ASR（驅(qū)動防滑系統(tǒng)，又稱牽引力控制系統(tǒng)）或者ESP（電控行駛平穩(wěn)系統(tǒng)），使汽車的安全

45、性能進一步提高。 </p><p>　　ASR的作用是當汽車加速時將滑動率控制在一定的范圍內(nèi)，從而防止驅(qū)動輪快速滑動。它的功能一是提高牽引力；二是保持汽車的行駛穩(wěn)定。行駛在易滑的路面上，沒有ASR的汽車加速時驅(qū)動輪容易打滑；如是后驅(qū)動的車輛容易甩尾，如是前驅(qū)動的車輛容易方向失控。有ASR時，汽車在加速時就不會有或能夠減輕這種現(xiàn)象。在轉(zhuǎn)彎時，如果發(fā)生驅(qū)動輪打滑會導(dǎo)致整個車輛向一側(cè)偏移，當有ASR時就會使車輛沿著正確

46、的路線轉(zhuǎn)向。</p><p><b>　　ABS的結(jié)構(gòu)及原理</b></p><p>　　ABS系統(tǒng)能夠防止車輪抱死，具有制動時方向穩(wěn)定性好、制動時仍有轉(zhuǎn)向能力、縮短制動距離等優(yōu)點。富利卡ABS系統(tǒng)，是三通道的ABS調(diào)節(jié)回路，前輪單獨調(diào)節(jié)，后輪則以兩輪中地面附著系數(shù)低的一側(cè)為依據(jù)統(tǒng)一調(diào)節(jié)。ABS系統(tǒng)主要由ABS控制器 (包括電子控制單元、液壓單元、液壓泵等)、四個車輪

47、轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器、ABS故障警告燈、制動警告燈等組成。</p><p>　　ABS系統(tǒng)的基本工作原理是:汽車在制動過程中， 車輪轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器不斷把各個車輪的轉(zhuǎn)速信號及時輸送給ABS電子控制單元(ECU),ABS ECU根據(jù)設(shè)定的控制邏輯對4個轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器輸入的信號進行處理，計算汽車的參考車速、各車輪速度和減速度，確定各車輪的滑移率。如果某個車輪的滑移率超過設(shè)定值，ABS ECU就發(fā)出

48、指令控制液壓控制單元，使該車輪制動輪缸中的制動壓力減小;如果某個車輪的滑移率還沒達到設(shè)定值，ABS ECU就控制液壓單元，使該車輪的制動壓力增大;如果某個車輪的滑移率接近于設(shè)定值時，ABS ECU就控制液壓控制單元，使該車輪制動壓力保持一定。從而使各個車輪的滑移率保持在理想的范圍之內(nèi)，防止4個車輪完全抱死。</p><p>　　在制動過程中，如果車輪沒有抱死趨勢，ABS系統(tǒng)將不參與制動壓力控制，此時制動過程與常規(guī)

49、制動系統(tǒng)相同。如果ABS出現(xiàn)故障，電子控制單元將不再對液壓單元進行控制，并將儀表板上的ABS故障警告燈點亮，向駕駛員發(fā)出警告信號，此時ABS不起作用，制動過程將與沒有ABS的常規(guī)制動系統(tǒng)的工作相同。</p><p>　　ABS系統(tǒng)主要部件結(jié)構(gòu)與工作原理</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┸囕嗈D(zhuǎn)速transmit器</p><p>　　車輪轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器的作用是將車輪

50、的轉(zhuǎn)速信號傳給ABS電子控制單元。MK20-Ⅰ型ABS系統(tǒng)共有4個車輪轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器，前輪的齒圈(43齒)安裝在傳動軸上，轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上，如圖8-2所示。后輪的齒圈(43齒)安裝在后輪轂上，轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器則安裝在固定支架上。transmit器由電磁感應(yīng)式transmit頭和磁性齒圈組成。transmit頭由永久磁芯和感應(yīng)線圈組成，齒圈由鐵磁性材料制成。當齒圈旋轉(zhuǎn)時，齒頂與齒隙輪流交替對向磁芯，當齒圈

51、轉(zhuǎn)到齒頂與transmit頭磁芯相對時，transmit頭磁芯與齒圈之間的間隙最小，由永久磁芯產(chǎn)生的磁力線就容易通過齒圈，感應(yīng)線圈周圍的磁場就強，如圖8-4(a)所示;而當齒圈轉(zhuǎn)動到齒隙與transmit磁芯相對時，transmit頭磁芯與齒圈之間的間隙最大，由永久磁芯產(chǎn)生的磁力線就不容易通過齒圈，感應(yīng)線圈周圍的磁場就弱，如圖8-4(b)所示。此時，磁通迅速交替變化，在感應(yīng)線圈中就會產(chǎn)生交變電壓，交變電壓的頻率將隨車輪轉(zhuǎn)速成正比例變化。

52、電子控制單元可以通過轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器輸入的電壓脈沖頻率進行處理來確定車輪的</p><p><b>　?。ǘ〢BS控制器</b></p><p><b>　　1、電子控制單元</b></p><p>　　電子控制單元是ABS系統(tǒng)的控制中心，它實際上是一個微型計算機，所以又常稱為ABS(ECU)電腦。ABS ECU

53、由輸入電路、數(shù)字控制器、輸出電路和警告電路組成。主要任務(wù)是連續(xù)監(jiān)測接受4個車輪轉(zhuǎn)速transmit器送來的脈沖信號，并進行測量比較、分析放大和判別處理，計算出車輪轉(zhuǎn)速、車輪減速度以及制動滑移率，再進行邏輯比較分析4個車輪的制動情況，一旦判斷出車輪將要抱死，它立刻進入防抱死控制狀態(tài)，通過電子控制單元向液壓單元發(fā)出指令，以控制制動輪缸油路上電磁閥的通斷和液壓泵的工作來調(diào)節(jié)制動壓力，防止車輪抱死。</p><p>　　

54、ABS ECU還不斷地對自身工作進行監(jiān)控。由于ABS ECU中有兩個完全相同的微處理器，它們按照同樣的程序?qū)斎胄盘栠M行處理，并將其產(chǎn)生的中間結(jié)果與最終結(jié)果進行比較，一且發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果不一致，即判定自身存在故障，它會自動關(guān)閉ABS系統(tǒng)。此外ABS ECU還不斷監(jiān)視ABS系統(tǒng)中其他部件的工作情況，一旦ABS系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障，如車輪速度信號消失，液壓壓力降低等，ABS ECU會發(fā)出指令而關(guān)閉ABS系統(tǒng)，并使常規(guī)制動系統(tǒng)工作，同時將故障信息存儲記憶，

55、并將儀表板上的ABS故障燈點亮，向駕駛員發(fā)出警示信號，此時應(yīng)及時檢查修理。</p><p>　　當點火開關(guān)接通時，ABS ECU就開始進行自檢程序，對系統(tǒng)進行自檢，此時ABS故障燈點亮。如果自檢以后發(fā)現(xiàn)ABS系統(tǒng)存在影響其正常工作的故障，它將關(guān)閉ABS系統(tǒng)，恢復(fù)常規(guī)制動系統(tǒng)，儀表板上ABS故障燈一直點亮，警告駕駛員ABS系統(tǒng)存在故障。自檢結(jié)束后，ABS故障燈就熄滅，表明系統(tǒng)工作正常。由于自檢過程大約需要2s，因此

56、在正常情況下，當點火開關(guān)接通時，ABS故障燈點亮2s，然后再自動熄滅，是正常的。反之如果點火開關(guān)接通時，ABS故障燈不亮，說明ABS故障燈或其線路存在故障，應(yīng)對其進行檢修。</p><p>　　液壓控制單元和液壓泵</p><p>　　液壓控制單元裝在制動主缸與制動輪缸之間，采用整體式結(jié)構(gòu) (如圖8-5所示)。主要任務(wù)是轉(zhuǎn)換執(zhí)行ABS ECU的指令，自動調(diào)節(jié)制動器中的低壓。低壓儲液罐與電動

57、液壓泵合為一體裝于液壓控制單元上。低壓儲油罐的作用是用于暫時存儲從輪缸中流出的制動液，以緩和制動液從制動輪缸中流出時產(chǎn)生的脈動。電動液壓泵的作用是將在制動壓力階段流入低壓儲液罐中的制動液及時送至制動主缸，同時在施加壓力階段，從低壓儲液罐中吸取剩余制動力，泵入制動循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，給液壓系統(tǒng)以壓力支持,增加制動效能。電動液壓泵的運轉(zhuǎn)是由電子控制單元控制的。液壓控制單元 (N55)閥體內(nèi)包括8個電磁閥，每個回路各一對，其中一個是常開進油閥，一個是