2012年--外文翻譯-- 尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容

1、<p>　　4100單詞，2.2萬英文字符,6900漢字</p><p>　　出處：Utulu S C A, Bolarinwa O. Contents and Architecture of Nigerian Universities' Websites[J]. Issues in Informing Science & Information Technology, 2012, 9:

2、385-397.</p><p>　　外 文 文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯</p><p>　　英文標(biāo)題: Contents and Architecture of Nigerian </p><p>　　Universities Websites </p><p>　　中文標(biāo)題: 尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容</

3、p><p>　　Contents and Architecture of Nigerian </p><p>　　Universities Websites</p><p>　　Samuel C. Avemaria Utulu Omolara Bolarinwa</p><p&

4、gt;　　University of Cape Town, Medical Library, College of</p><p>　　Cape Town, South Africa Medicine, University of Lagos,</p><p&g

5、t;　　Lagos State, Nigeria</p><p>　　Abstract: The study adopted information needs analysis theory to carry out analysis of the content of websites of 50 Nigerian universities. Two broad categories of possible

6、website contents-official and everyday life information contents were identified and analyzed. It also adopted the Watson Addy Web Architecture test to carry out architecture analysis of the websites in the following are

7、as: language syntax, style, spelling accuracy, down speed, file types and search engine compatibility using</p><p>　　Keywords: Website architecture analysis, website content analysis, university websites, Ni

8、geria</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　The ability of websites to integrate various technologies and applications software have resulted in their use for information delivery services. Research ha

9、s identified the desire of many organizations, including universities, to use their websites for so many information delivery functions as a primary factor that affects the usability of their websites (Duncan and Hollida

10、y, 2008, Ginige and Murugesan, 2001 and Constantine and Lockwood, 2001). Website architecture factors that may affect websi</p><p>　　those with inappropriate (irrelevant) and meager or excessive content</

11、p><p>　　those that are well designed (good) architecture and can be easily used to retrieve information those that are not well designed (defective) architecture and cannot be easily used to retrieve inform

12、ation</p><p>　　those that receive high numbers of links from other websites as a result of their appropriate and relevant content and those that do not, as a result of inappropriate and irrelevant content.&l

13、t;/p><p>　　The categorization mirrors web content and architecture challenges which have led to the growth of the literature on web usability. Much research has been done in this regard in Europe and America, w

14、ith efforts being intensified in the Pacific and Asia. Unfortunately, researches on the use of websites by African universities, including those in Nigeria, are meager and have resulted in very little understanding among

15、 African universities on how to develop and use their websites for contemporary i</p><p>　　The main objective of this paper is to report the results of a study carried out to assess the contents and architec

16、ture of Nigerian universities'websites as determinant factors of their usability. This study is significant, not only because of the importance of websites as primary contact points for website users, but also becaus

17、e of the important role relevant web content and appropriate architecture play in meeting users'information needs in contemporary times.</p><p>　　Addressing Web Contents</p><p>　　Using Infor

18、mation Needs Theory</p><p>　　The literature has proposed a number of factors that may be used to assess website architecture, including HTML size, download time, image size, number of images, homepage size,

19、number and sizes of fonts, navigation tools, number of colours and screen length (e.g. AlHeyasat, 2005; Yoo and Jin, 2004). However, only web link (citation) research has been formalized and used to measure the relevance

20、 of website content. It is not clear if the literature has established any other definite method for a</p><p>　　Since websites have been described as analogue of books in web link and citation research (Smit

21、h,2004); it follows that website contents can also be evaluated for their quality and relevance in the same way as book contents are evaluated in citation and collection management using users' information needs as t

22、he yardstick. Vallimtjana and Sabate (2008) and Knight-Davis and Sung (2009) described how citation analysis can be used for content analysis and to evaluate the impact of academic works. B</p><p>　　The lite

23、rature on information needs can thus be adopted to develop a framework for research on website content. Research on information needs has established that people's status, social involvements, assignments, economic a

24、nd health needs determine the situations that arise in the course of their lives and what they need to ease, resolve and address such situations (Dutta, 2009; Beautyman and Shenton, 2009; Shenton, 2007; Petric, 2006; Ojo

25、koh and Asaolu, 2005; Utulu, 2004; Adenuga, 2004; Loughr</p><p>　　It follows that an assessment of the relevance and quality of university websites requires the identification of the information needs of web

26、site users. This is echoed by Petric (2006), who postulated that websites play important roles in providing the information people need to meet the goals they set in their everyday life. Kebede (2004) supported this with

27、 his position that the tasks people are involved in give rise to needs for content that may be retrieved from websites. Understanding and e</p><p>　　1. administrative policy makers and facilities:</p>

28、<p>　　a. information to assist in resource management and strategic planning</p><p>　　b. information to assist in recruitment and retention of students</p><p>　　2. external oversight agenc

29、ies:</p><p>　　a. information required to assess performance of the institution</p><p>　　b. information to assess programs offered</p><p>　　3. students:</p><p>　　a. lect

30、ure notes, tutorials and case study briefs</p><p>　　b. examination time tables and results assessment.</p><p>　　Issues raised in the literature enumerated above can help us reach conclusions reg

31、arding the kind of web contents university websites in Nigeria would contain. This may include academic and non-academic web contents. There will also be everyday life content that may be useful to helping university web

32、sites users to address need arising from their everyday life needs.</p><p>　　Methodology</p><p>　　Manual website examination and website architecture analysis based on the Watson Addy web archit

33、ecture test site available at http://watson.addy.com/nph-watson5.cgi were adopted as methods of data collection. The Watson Addy has been used by AlHeyasat (2005) in a previous study. It was used in this particular study

34、 as a website architecture test tool to examine the following website architecture factors: HTML syntax, general word count, spell check, non-HTML words, download speed and search engi</p><p>　　Table 1: Clas

35、sification of Website Contents</p><p>　　Sample and Sampling Method</p><p>　　The 103 universities in Nigeria listed in Nigeria's National Universities' Commission's (NUC) list of Nige

36、rian universities available at www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities/asp comprised the study population. The Federal Government of Nigeria owns 27 of the 103 universities, 35 are owned by various State Governments, while 41

37、are in private ownership. Proportional sampling was used to determine the universities in each category whose websites were selected for study. The sample population was also</p><p>　　Table 2: Distribution o

38、f Categories of Nigerian Universities</p><p>　　Limitations</p><p>　　Descriptive data were used for this study. The data were extracted by examining the contents available in the university websi

39、tes studied. The research did not consider the relevance or comprehensiveness of the contents but identified content categories to see if they were available or not. The Watson Addy web architecture analysis tool provide

40、s only machine generated data which meant that the accuracy of the results depended on the accuracy of the site to generate web architecture data. Since t</p><p>　　website architecture data. </p><

41、p><b>　　Findings</b></p><p>　　Although that showed that more federal and private universities websites adopted the correct domain name, that is, the dot edu, it is worrisome to note that some o

42、f these universities adopted wrong domain names, such as dot com, dot net, and dot org. However, none of the universities was discovered to have any form of deficiency with their syntax, style and spelling accuracy.</

43、p><p>　　File Types and Download Speed</p><p>　　It was revealed that the websites of five (29.4 %) federal universities were made up of only HTML, while 12 (70.6 %) had both HTML files and Images. O

44、f those that had image files, five (29.4 %) had more than four images with one of them having as much as 18 images. It was also reported that two of the websites had 11 images each, while one had 13 images. It was also r

45、evealed that the average down load speed for federal university websites was 66.51 seconds. Concerning state universities websites</p><p>　　Table 3: Search Engine Compatibility</p><p>　　Federal

46、n= 17, State n= 18, Private n= 15.</p><p>　　Data elicited on availability of appropriate site description and keyword META Tags presented in the Table above showed that Nigerian university websites do not ha

47、ve required site description and keyword META Tags that will facilitate their listing by search engines and easy retrieval by web users as shown in the Table above. Only private universities recorded 40 % of universities

48、 websites with META tags for site description. It therefore, follows that Nigerian university website may not be visi</p><p>　　Websites Contents Analysis</p><p>　　Table 4: Available Official Inf

49、ormation in Nigerian Universities' Websites</p><p>　　Federal n= 17, State n= 18, Private n= 15.</p><p>　　Data on official information available in Nigerian universities' websites show th

50、at a significant percentage had information on the colleges and schools available in them. Other information considered official such as course registration, scholarship, library, portal, open access resources and handbo

51、oks were not covered in most of the Nigerian university websites studied. Only half (50.0 %) of the state universities studied had information on libraries, while 73.3 % private universities listed i</p><p>

52、　　Of the three fundamental everyday life information that were categorized under finding, only information on important addresses were included by a majority of the three categories of Nigerian universities in their webs

53、ites. For instance, 12 (70.6 %) Federal Universities, 10 (55.6 %) State Universities and 13 (86.7 %) private universities included important addresses in their websites. Other important information such as employment inf

54、ormation was included by 3 (17.7 %) of Federal universities, 2</p><p>　　Discussion</p><p>　　The first interesting thing about Nigerian universities as revealed in the study is their young age. S

55、ome of the Nigerian universities especially the private ones, were as young as five years. They may therefore, need to learn from older universities how to properly use their websites as means of creating access to relev

56、ant information stakeholders may require to carryout their official and everyday life functions. For example, the outcome of domain name evaluation carried out in the study indic</p><p>　　Adopting appropriat

57、e domain name goes hand-in-hand with adding meta tags for site description and meta tags for site key word. The study revealed that a very significant number of the universities studied did not have meta tag for site des

58、cription and meta tags for site key word, which further pointed to the fact that Nigerian university websites do not have architectural make ups that will support their listing by search engines. This will particularly m

59、ake website users who use search engines </p><p>　　Another web architecture factor that raised suspicion as a result of the outcome of the study, is the number of images used in designing Nigerian universiti

60、es websites. Images are very important in achieving aesthetics and supplementing text based information in websites. Although issues of images sizes were not included in the study, outcome related to the number of images

61、 used for designing Nigerian universities websites showed that they may have used a number which we may consider a bit high.</p><p>　　The study outcome also indicated that Nigerian universities websites may

62、not be able to meet their users' information needs due to the short fall in their contents. Major official and everyday life information contents were not available in majority of the websites. Crucial everyday life

63、information contents on health care, social life/groups, campus guide, sources of fund and host community were not contained in majority of the websites. Having relevant and adequate information that meets web u</p>

64、;<p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　There is no doubt that websites have become strong information and communication tool in modern times. It has helped universities reach unimaginable places and audiences. Th

65、e growing interest in measuring the extent to which universities use their websites attests to the increasing importance universities now accord to their websites. It is quite unfortunate that efforts made by Nigerian un

66、iversities to improve their academic standards, draw attention of the world to its activities and improve o</p><p>　　尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容</p><p>　　Samuel C. Avemaria Utulu O

67、molara Bolarinwa</p><p>　　開普敦大學(xué)， 醫(yī)學(xué)圖書館，學(xué)院</p><p>　　開普敦，南非 醫(yī)藥，拉各斯大學(xué)，</p><p><b>　　拉各斯州，尼日利亞</b></p

68、><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　研究采用信息需求分析理論進(jìn)行分析,內(nèi)容包含50所尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站。通過兩大類方法對(duì)網(wǎng)站的官方信息和日常生活信息的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了確認(rèn)和分析。它還采用了沃森阿迪Web架構(gòu)測試方法對(duì)網(wǎng)站的架構(gòu)在領(lǐng)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行分析，領(lǐng)域包含:語言語法,風(fēng)格,拼寫的準(zhǔn)確性、速度、文件類型和搜索引擎兼容和使用元標(biāo)簽的可用性。這項(xiàng)研究是出于對(duì)網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容和

69、架構(gòu)研究興趣的日益增長，研究人員在網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容和架構(gòu)扮演的角色同樣也為實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的網(wǎng)絡(luò)可用性。在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)暴露的弱點(diǎn)，如采用錯(cuò)誤的域名,錯(cuò)誤的語法,不恰當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)格,還有拼寫錯(cuò)誤和元標(biāo)記不可用等。此外,大學(xué)網(wǎng)站還包含大部分的官方信息和日常信息。根據(jù)研究的結(jié)果顯示,尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站一般可以分為缺乏內(nèi)容和體系結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷兩種。并提出了改善網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容和網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)的建議。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)分析，網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容分析，高校網(wǎng)站，尼

70、日利亞。</p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　網(wǎng)站通過整合各種技術(shù)和應(yīng)用軟件,從而導(dǎo)致他們使用信息交付服務(wù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)許多組織認(rèn)為：影響大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的可用性的主要因素是網(wǎng)站的信息傳遞功能（Duncan 和 Holliday,2008年,Ginige和Murugesan,2001年,Constantine 和 Lockwood,2001年）。網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)

71、的因素可能會(huì)影響網(wǎng)站的可用性，這些因素包括屏幕長度、網(wǎng)頁的顏色和圖像,字體和后設(shè)標(biāo)簽的網(wǎng)站描述和網(wǎng)站關(guān)鍵詞的可用性,其中（Yoo和Jin,2004；Ling和Schaik,2006）。大多數(shù)組織傾向于創(chuàng)建和顯示各種內(nèi)容的方式，使他們與利益相關(guān)者的溝通潛力能夠最大化。但是,如果做得不恰當(dāng),它將使瀏覽這些網(wǎng)站變的更加復(fù)雜。文學(xué)作品中的各種嘗試為通過面向研究組織來部署他們的大學(xué)的分類網(wǎng)站提供了一個(gè)平臺(tái)。例如,（Yoo和Jin2004）認(rèn)為是網(wǎng)

72、站,也就是說,精心設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)站和適當(dāng)?shù)拇笮『蛢?nèi)容架構(gòu)。Zeng，Salvendy and Zhang（2009）認(rèn)為是在網(wǎng)站創(chuàng)意及其對(duì)用戶行為的影響,Constantine 和 Lockwood（2001）認(rèn)為是在以用戶為中心的網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程,而Ling和Schaik（</p><p>　　有適當(dāng)?shù)模ㄏ嚓P(guān)）和所需的內(nèi)容不合適（無關(guān)緊要的）和缺乏的或過多的內(nèi)容精心設(shè)計(jì)的（好）的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和信息相對(duì)于那些不精心設(shè)計(jì)的（缺陷

73、）架構(gòu)可以更容易地用于檢索,而那些不精心設(shè)計(jì)的（缺陷）架構(gòu)不能輕易用于檢索信息接受大量來自其它網(wǎng)站適當(dāng)?shù)暮拖嚓P(guān)的內(nèi)容的鏈接作為結(jié)果，和由于不恰當(dāng)?shù)暮筒幌嚓P(guān)的內(nèi)容而不這樣做。</p><p>　　分類反映Web內(nèi)容和LED結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)于網(wǎng)站可用性的文獻(xiàn)挑戰(zhàn)。許多這方面的研究已經(jīng)在歐洲和美國完成了，與正在加緊在太平洋和亞洲的努力。不幸的是，在非洲的大學(xué)，包括在尼日利亞的研究都是很少的，導(dǎo)致了尼日利亞的大學(xué)很不了解如何開發(fā)

74、和利用自己的網(wǎng)站為當(dāng)代信息進(jìn)行傳遞服務(wù)，如傳達(dá)他們的使命和網(wǎng)站，學(xué)術(shù)課程，以及服務(wù)和活動(dòng)，或建立講義、報(bào)告、研究成果、手冊(cè)等，這已經(jīng)變得更加復(fù)雜，因?yàn)榉侵薮髮W(xué)試圖使用他們的網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行傳送信息的新舉措，目前正被世界各地的大學(xué)所采用。</p><p>　　本文的主要目的是根據(jù)報(bào)告研究的結(jié)果來評(píng)估尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容和架構(gòu)的可用性的決定因素。這項(xiàng)研究是顯著的特點(diǎn)不僅是因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)站作為網(wǎng)站的用戶主要接觸點(diǎn)的重要性，同時(shí)也因

75、為相關(guān)的網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容和適當(dāng)?shù)捏w系結(jié)構(gòu)能發(fā)揮在滿足用戶信息在當(dāng)今時(shí)代的重要作用。</p><p><b>　　內(nèi)容尋址網(wǎng)絡(luò)</b></p><p><b>　　使用信息理論的需求</b></p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)中已經(jīng)提出了可以被用來評(píng)估網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)的許多因素，包括HTML大小，下載時(shí)間，圖像尺寸，圖像數(shù)量，主頁的大小，數(shù)量和字體大

76、小，導(dǎo)航工具，顏色數(shù)和畫面長度（如AlHeyasat，2005；YOO，Jin，2004）。然而，只有對(duì)網(wǎng)頁鏈接（引用）的研究已經(jīng)被確立并用來衡量網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容的相關(guān)性。目前還不清楚，文獻(xiàn)已建立的Web內(nèi)容已超出了最初的評(píng)估方法Dumont 和frindte（2005）和Liu（2008）。它可能會(huì)爭辯說，網(wǎng)站用戶的主要目的是用來幫助用戶更好的瀏覽網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容。這使得網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容分析變的至關(guān)重要。但是可以理解文獻(xiàn)上關(guān)于網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容評(píng)價(jià)研究的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)闆]

77、有正式的規(guī)范來規(guī)范網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　由于網(wǎng)站被描述為在網(wǎng)絡(luò)鏈接和引用研究（Smith，2004）；因此，網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容也可以評(píng)估他們的質(zhì)量和相關(guān)性，以同樣的方式作為內(nèi)容的引用和以管理使用用戶的信息需求為準(zhǔn)繩進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。Vallimtjana和Sabate（2008年）和Knight-Davis and Sung（2009）描述了引文分析對(duì)于內(nèi)容分析和評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)術(shù)著作的影響。Blacke和Schleper（2

78、004年）和Ibekwe-SanJuan（2005）提供的見解深入的進(jìn)行了內(nèi)容分析和通過進(jìn)行書籍和期刊的分析，以確定其覆蓋范圍，質(zhì)量和相關(guān)性，并在某種程度上他們能夠滿足用戶的信息需要。Dumont和Frindte 的（2005年）心理學(xué)家所擁有的網(wǎng)站主頁內(nèi)容的工作是對(duì)網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容的分析的一個(gè)典型的例子，通過用戶的信息需求來確定網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容的相關(guān)性。</p><p>　　對(duì)信息需求的文獻(xiàn)因此可以通過制定網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容的框架進(jìn)行研

79、究。研究信息需求可以通過確定，人的地位，社會(huì)活動(dòng)，任務(wù)分配，經(jīng)濟(jì)和健康需要確定自己的生命過程中出現(xiàn)的情況，以及他們需要什么來緩解，處理這樣的情況（Dutta，2009；Beautyman and Shenton，2009；Shenton，2007；Petric，2006；Ojokoh and Asaolu，2005；Utulu，2004；Adenuga，2004；Loughridge，1996）。因此，信息需求的概念涵蓋很大，用來解決產(chǎn)

80、生在他們的生活情況需求的物質(zhì)(Shenton，2007； Shenton and Dixon，2004）。信息需要研究確定了兩種形式的信息需求：日常生活信息和官方信息。生活信息包含生活的社會(huì)，政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，宗教和文化等方面可以幫助人們有意義生活。官方信息是需要作為專業(yè)人士，技術(shù)人員，工人，學(xué)生和研究人員的官方角色來執(zhí)行他們的信息（Shenton and Dixon，2004；Given，2002；Sprink and Cole，2001）

81、。</p><p>　　由此可見，大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的相關(guān)性和質(zhì)量的評(píng)估需要有信息需求的網(wǎng)站用戶的識(shí)別。這是由Petric（2006年）推測出，為網(wǎng)站提供信息的人扮演著很重要的角色，需要滿足他們?cè)谌粘Ｉ畹哪繕?biāo)和需求。Kebede（2004）支持與他的位置，任務(wù)的人參與產(chǎn)生需要的內(nèi)容，可以檢索網(wǎng)站。理解和執(zhí)行任務(wù)需要的事實(shí)，數(shù)據(jù)和想法可以檢索網(wǎng)站。文獻(xiàn)表明，管理，學(xué)術(shù)和非學(xué)術(shù)的，學(xué)生和研究人員的內(nèi)部利益相關(guān)者都是大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的

82、用戶（Dutta，2009；Petric，2006；Kebede；2004；Given，2002）。其他用戶包括家長，未來的學(xué)生，工作人員和雇主，認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)，移民和執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)，捐助者和競爭者。大學(xué)用戶的信息需求包含他們?nèi)粘Ｉ詈凸俜降男枨蟆＠?，Loughridge（1996）認(rèn)為作為部門首長管理職責(zé)應(yīng)該評(píng)估教學(xué)人員的管理信息需求，而Adekunmisi（2005）認(rèn)為評(píng)估科研和教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)人員的信息需求。這些研究表明，學(xué)者們可能扮演雙重角色，

83、因此可能具有雙重的信息需求。同樣，Dumont和Frindte（2005年：74）評(píng)論說，因?yàn)樾睦韺W(xué)家參與研究和教學(xué)，所以在網(wǎng)站的主頁上的內(nèi)容應(yīng)反映“ 關(guān)于關(guān)于教學(xué)研究</p><p>　　1.行政決策者和設(shè)施：</p><p>　　A.信息幫助資源管理和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃</p><p>　　B.信息幫助的學(xué)生的招聘和保留</p><p><b

84、>　　2.外部監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)：</b></p><p>　　A.信息需要評(píng)估的制度績效</p><p>　　B.評(píng)估程序提供的信息</p><p><b>　　3.學(xué)生：</b></p><p>　　A.講義、教程和案例研究簡報(bào)</p><p>　　B.考試時(shí)間表和結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)。</

85、p><p>　　對(duì)上面所列舉的文獻(xiàn)提出問題，可以幫助我們對(duì)于尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站應(yīng)該包含什么樣的網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容得出結(jié)論?？赡苁前▽W(xué)術(shù)和非學(xué)術(shù)的內(nèi)容，也可能是日常生活的內(nèi)容，也可能是有用的，可以幫助高校網(wǎng)站的用戶用來解決從他們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪兴a(chǎn)生的問題。</p><p><b>　　方法論</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)沃森阿迪網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)測試提供網(wǎng)站的http

86、://watson.addy.com/nph-watson5.cgi進(jìn)行手動(dòng)檢查網(wǎng)站和網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)分析，運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)收集的方法。沃森阿迪已經(jīng)在先前的研究中已經(jīng)使用的AlHeyasat（2005）。它被用來在這項(xiàng)研究中作為一個(gè)網(wǎng)站的架構(gòu)測試工具來檢查下面的網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)因素：HTML語法，一般字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，拼寫檢查，非HTML語言，下載速度和搜索引擎的兼容性。對(duì)網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析，對(duì)網(wǎng)站的官方和日常生活的兩大類內(nèi)容進(jìn)行鑒定。每一種又分為三個(gè)亞類：查找（內(nèi)容，

87、幫助用戶查找信息）；關(guān)于（內(nèi)容，幫助用戶了解活動(dòng)和問題）；和服務(wù)（即提供了深入了解又為大學(xué)或其他地方的用戶提供服務(wù)的內(nèi)容。</p><p><b>　　表1：網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容分級(jí)</b></p><p><b>　　樣品及抽樣方法</b></p><p>　　在103所尼日利亞尼日利亞大學(xué)所提供www.nuc.edu.ng /頁/

88、大學(xué)/ asp包括尼日利亞國家大學(xué)委員會(huì)（NUC）研究在列表中列出。尼日利亞擁有103所大學(xué)，其中35所是聯(lián)邦大學(xué)27所是州立大學(xué)，而其余41所是私有大學(xué)。比例抽樣是用來研究被選作研究的每個(gè)類別大學(xué)網(wǎng)站。樣本人群也分層，包括成立于2005年之后和之前的，只要是大學(xué)，這就意味著要進(jìn)行了研究，即使該網(wǎng)站已經(jīng)存在至少五年，如表2所示，它假定一所已存在5年的大學(xué)網(wǎng)站將在內(nèi)容和架構(gòu)方面達(dá)到成熟階段。這消除了一些新的只有有限的內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)站。該網(wǎng)站分析

89、，2010年12月和2011年1月之間進(jìn)行 </p><p>　　表2：分布尼日利亞大學(xué)分類</p><p><b>　　限制</b></p><p>　　描述性數(shù)據(jù)被用于該研究。這些數(shù)據(jù)是通過對(duì)所研究的大學(xué)網(wǎng)站提供的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行提取。該研究沒有考慮內(nèi)容的相關(guān)性和全面性，但根據(jù)確定的內(nèi)容類別，查看他們是否可用。沃森</p><p

90、>　　阿迪網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)分析工具只提供機(jī)器生成的結(jié)果，這意味著該結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性依賴于為網(wǎng)站生成web架構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性的數(shù)據(jù)。由于研究人員沒有評(píng)估沃森阿迪網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)分析工具，他們只依靠網(wǎng)站的能力，以產(chǎn)生精確的網(wǎng)站架構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)判定。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)現(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　雖然這表明，更多的聯(lián)邦大學(xué)和私立大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站采用了正確的域名，也就是.edu。但是令人擔(dān)

91、憂的是，部分大學(xué)依然采用錯(cuò)誤的域名，如.com，.web，.ORG。 然而，沒有大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)使用錯(cuò)誤的域名有什么不足，包括其語法，風(fēng)格和拼寫的準(zhǔn)確性。</p><p><b>　　文件類型和下載速度</b></p><p>　　據(jù)透露，5例（29.4％）聯(lián)邦大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站是由只有HTML，而12例（70.6％）有兩個(gè)HTML文件和圖像。 那些有圖像文件的網(wǎng)站，5例（29.4％

92、）有4個(gè)以上的圖像，其中1人有多達(dá)18幅圖像。2個(gè)網(wǎng)站各有11張，而一個(gè)有13個(gè)圖像。平均下來聯(lián)邦大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)速為是66.51秒。至于州立大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站，研究了18所州立大學(xué)有5例（27.8％）是僅有HTML組成。而其余13所同時(shí)有HTML和圖像的州立大學(xué)網(wǎng)站9例（50.0％）有4個(gè)以上圖片，圖片數(shù)量如下：46，23，17，14，12，8和6幅圖像具有5個(gè)圖像。此外，尼日利亞州立大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的平均下載速度為：49.70秒。對(duì)私立高校的網(wǎng)站進(jìn)

93、行了研究，該15所私立大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站只有9例（60.0％）有圖像和HTML文件，而6例（40.0％）只有HTML文件。這9個(gè)網(wǎng)站，3個(gè)有多達(dá)22，17和9畫面。此外，尼日利亞私立大學(xué)平均下載速度為48.27秒。</p><p>　　表3：搜索引擎的兼容性</p><p>　　聯(lián)邦N = 17，州立n = 18，私人N = 15。</p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)在適當(dāng)?shù)恼军c(diǎn)描述

94、和關(guān)鍵字標(biāo)簽上表中所提出的情況表明，尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站不具備所需的網(wǎng)站描述和關(guān)鍵字的元標(biāo)簽標(biāo)簽，如上表所示會(huì)被搜索引擎和易于檢索的Web用戶促進(jìn)上市。只有私立大學(xué)使用大學(xué)網(wǎng)站40％的元標(biāo)簽對(duì)網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行描述。因此，這些尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站可能無法在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上被看到，因?yàn)樵诰W(wǎng)絡(luò)上元標(biāo)簽是用來為HTML元素來提供的網(wǎng)站描述，幫助分類，便于檢索的網(wǎng)站。</p><p><b>　　網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容分析</b>&l

95、t;/p><p>　　表4：在尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站提供官方信息</p><p>　　聯(lián)邦N = 17，州立n = 18，私人N = 15。</p><p>　　根據(jù)在尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站上的官方信息數(shù)據(jù)顯示，對(duì)本學(xué)院和他們學(xué)校介紹的信息占有一個(gè)顯著的比例。不包括在研究最多的尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的官方認(rèn)為，如選課，獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，圖書館，門戶網(wǎng)站，開放獲取資源和手冊(cè)等資料。州立大學(xué)的研究

96、只有一半（50.0％）信息，而73.3％的私立大學(xué)列出了資料庫。聯(lián)邦大學(xué)的資料庫的信息在他們的網(wǎng)站上顯示的比例是很低的，只有35.5％的資料庫信息，但是資料庫對(duì)那些期望使用大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的用戶是很重要的。此外，66.7％私立大學(xué)在他們的網(wǎng)站有門戶系統(tǒng)。表4表明尼日利亞私立大學(xué)的表現(xiàn)比聯(lián)邦大學(xué)和州立大學(xué)在他們的官方網(wǎng)站所包含的信息量要高。</p><p>　　根據(jù)調(diào)查結(jié)果進(jìn)行歸類，這三個(gè)基本的日常生活信息，只在重要的地址

97、信息被列入由多數(shù)三類尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站上。 例如，12例（70.6％）聯(lián)邦大學(xué)，10例（55.6％）州立大學(xué)和13例（86.7％）私立大學(xué)包括在他們的網(wǎng)站上重要的地址。如就業(yè)信息等重要信息被列入了國家大學(xué)3例（17.7％）聯(lián)邦大學(xué)，2例（11.1％）州立大學(xué)和10例（66.7％）私立大學(xué)。所以也只有8例（53.3％）私立大學(xué)他們的網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容中包括資金，如獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，助學(xué)金等。僅3例（17.7％）聯(lián)邦大學(xué)已在其網(wǎng)站上顯示資金來源信息，而2例（1

98、1.1％）的州立大學(xué)在其網(wǎng)站上顯示基金的信息來源。</p><p><b>　　討論</b></p><p>　　第一個(gè)有趣的研究揭示了尼日利亞的大學(xué)他們都很年輕。一些尼日利亞大學(xué)特別是那些創(chuàng)建僅五年的私人大學(xué)。因此，他們可能，需要從年代久遠(yuǎn)的大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)如何正確使用自己的網(wǎng)站，創(chuàng)建獲取相關(guān)信息的用戶的手段，可能需要做好官方和日常生活功能。例如，在研究進(jìn)行域名評(píng)估的結(jié)果表

99、明，尼日利亞的大學(xué)仍然以錯(cuò)誤的域名，如.com，.ORG和.web，而不是相應(yīng)的域名（.EDU）。盡管這是一個(gè)事實(shí)，即通過的網(wǎng)站域名是其分類的第一級(jí)無論是作為學(xué)術(shù)網(wǎng)站，商業(yè)網(wǎng)站或意在傳播施政信息的政府網(wǎng)站。尼日利亞大學(xué)濫用域名的問題已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在過去的文獻(xiàn)提到（Agarin和Nwagwu，2005年和Utulu，2008年），現(xiàn)在似乎并沒有得到糾正。這進(jìn)行網(wǎng)站域名分類的意義是，網(wǎng)絡(luò)爬蟲用于提取，分類和基于他們的域名，錯(cuò)誤的域名和域區(qū)可能不適

100、合他們的尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行網(wǎng)站分類。例如，尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站可能會(huì)被歸類為一個(gè)商業(yè)實(shí)體，因?yàn)樗木W(wǎng)站域名是.com。</p><p>　　采用合適的域名，添加標(biāo)簽，站點(diǎn)描述和元標(biāo)簽的站點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵字。該研究顯示，一個(gè)大學(xué)沒有十分顯著數(shù)量的元標(biāo)簽的網(wǎng)站描述和元標(biāo)簽為網(wǎng)站的關(guān)鍵字，這進(jìn)一步指出了一個(gè)事實(shí)，尼日利亞大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站沒有使UPS將被搜索引擎用來支持其上市。這將尤其使網(wǎng)站用戶使用搜索引擎尋找學(xué)校難以檢索和訪問包含在

101、尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站的信息。</p><p>　　另一個(gè)Web體系結(jié)構(gòu)的因素，作為一個(gè)結(jié)果而提出了懷疑，這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果，是指用在尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)中的圖像數(shù)量。圖像是實(shí)現(xiàn)美學(xué)和網(wǎng)站的補(bǔ)充基于文本的非常重要的信息。雖然圖像大小的問題沒有被包括在這項(xiàng)研究中，結(jié)果顯示用于尼日利亞大學(xué)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)中的圖像數(shù)量，他們可能使用了我們可能認(rèn)為數(shù)量有點(diǎn)高的圖像。這是因?yàn)樵谝粋€(gè)網(wǎng)站的使用下載速度是一個(gè)前端問題依賴于網(wǎng)頁組件和圖像下載。由